Numerical simulations of winds driven by radiation force from the corona above a thin disk

Observations show that winds can be driven from the innermost region (inside a 50 Schwarschild radius) of a thin disk. It is interesting to study the winds launched from the innermost region. A hot corona above the black hole (BH) thin disk is irradiated by the disk. We perform two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to study the winds driven by radiation force from the corona in the innermost regions. The hard X-ray spectrum from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) suggests that the corona temperature is about $10^9$ K, so that we mainly analyze the properties of winds (or outflows) from the $10^9$ K corona. The disk luminosity plays an important role in driving the outflows. The more luminous the disk, the stronger the outflows. Mass outflow rate ($\dot{M}_{\rm out}$) at a 90 Schwarschild radius depends on disk luminosity, which can be described as $\dot{M}_{\rm out}\propto 10^{3.3 \Gamma}$ ($\Gamma$ is the ratio of the disk luminosity to the Eddington luminosity). In the case of high luminosity (e.g. $\Gamma=0.75$), the supersonic outflows with maximum speed $1.0 \times 10^4$ Km s$^{-1}$ are launched at $\sim17^{o}$ --$30^{o}$ and $\sim50^{o}$ --$80^{o}$ away from the pole axis. The Bernoulli parameter keeps increasing with the outward propagation of outflows. The radiation force keeps accelerating the outflows when outflows move outward. Therefore, we can expect the outflows to escape from the BH gravity and go to the galactic scale. The interaction between outflows and interstellar medium may be an important AGN feedback process.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Two dimensional numerical simulations of Supercritical Accretion Flows revisited

We study the dynamics of super-Eddington accretion flows by performing two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. Compared with previous works, in this paper we include the $T_{\theta\phi}$ component of the viscous stress and consider various values of the viscous parameter $\alpha$. We find that when $T_{\theta\phi}$ is included, the rotational speed of the high-latitude flow decreases, while the density increases and decreases at the high and low latitudes, respectively. We calculate the radial profiles of inflow and outflow rates. We find that the inflow rate decreases inward, following a power law form of $\dot{M}_{\rm in}\propto r^s$. The value of $s$ depends on the magnitude of $\alpha$ and is within the range of $\sim 0.4-1.0$. Correspondingly, the radial profile of density becomes flatter compared with the case of a constant $\dot{M}(r)$. We find that the density profile can be described by $\rho(r)\propto r^{-p}$, and the value of $p$ is almost same for a wide range of $\alpha$ ranging from $\alpha=0.1$ to $0.005$. The inward decrease of inflow accretion rate is very similar to hot accretion flows, which is attributed to the mass loss in outflows. To study the origin of outflow, we analyze the convective stability of slim disk. We find that depending on the value of $\alpha$, the flow is marginally stable (when $\alpha$ is small) or unstable (when $\alpha$ is large). This is different from the case of hydrodynamical hot accretion flow where radiation is dynamically unimportant and the flow is always convectively unstable. We speculate that the reason for the difference is because radiation can stabilize convection. The origin of outflow is thus likely because of the joint function of convection and radiation, but further investigation is required.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Preparation of three-dimensional entanglement for distant atoms in coupled cavities via atomic spontaneous emission and cavity decay

We propose a dissipative scheme to prepare a three-dimensional entangled state for two atoms trapped in separate coupled cavities. Our work shows that both atomic spontaneous emission and cavity decay, which are two typical obstacles in unitary-dynamics-based schemes, could be utilized as resources for high-dimensional entangled state preparation without specifying initial state and controlling time precisely. Final numerical simulation with one group of experimental parameters indicates that the performance of our scheme is better than the unitary-dynamics-based scheme.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figure

The thermal evolution of nuclear matter at zero temperature and definite baryon number density in chiral perturbation theory

The thermal properties of cold dense nuclear matter are investigated with chiral perturbation theory. The evolution curves for the baryon number density, baryon number susceptibility, pressure and the equation of state are obtained. The chiral condensate is calculated and our result shows that when the baryon chemical potential goes beyond $1150 \mathrm{MeV}$, the absolute value of the quark condensate decreases rapidly, which indicates a tendency of chiral restoration.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, revtex