Galaxy Learning -- A Position Paper

The recent rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI, mainly driven by machine learning research, especially deep learning) has achieved phenomenal success in various applications. However, to further apply AI technologies in real-world context, several significant issues regarding the AI ecosystem should be addressed. We identify the main issues as data privacy, ownership, and exchange, which are difficult to be solved with the current centralized paradigm of machine learning training methodology. As a result, we propose a novel model training paradigm based on blockchain, named Galaxy Learning, which aims to train a model with distributed data and to reserve the data ownership for their owners. In this new paradigm, encrypted models are moved around instead, and are federated once trained. Model training, as well as the communication, is achieved with blockchain and its smart contracts. Pricing of training data is determined by its contribution, and therefore it is not about the exchange of data ownership. In this position paper, we describe the motivation, paradigm, design, and challenges as well as opportunities of Galaxy Learning

E6 GUT through Effects of Dimension-5 Operators

In the effective field theory framework, quantum gravity can induce effective dimension-5 operators, which have important impacts on grand unified theories. Interestingly, one of main effects is the modification of the usual gauge coupling unification condition. We investigate the gauge coupling unification in $E_{6}$ under modified gauge coupling unification condition at scales $M_X$ in the presence of one or more dimension-5 operators. It is shown that nonsupersymmetric models of $E_6$ unification can be obtained and can easily satisfy the constraints from the proton lifetime. For constructing these models, we consider several maximal subgroups $H=SO(10)\times U(1), H=SU(3)\times SU(3)\times SU(3)$, and $H=SU(2)\times SU(6)$ of $E_{6}$ and the usual breaking chains for a specific maximal subgroup, and derive all of the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients $\Phi^{(r)}_{s,z}$ associated with $E_6$ breaking to the Standard Model, which are given in Appendix A.Comment: 20 pages, 10 tables, 8 figures, journal accepted versio

Spontaneous Fermi surface deformation in the three-band Hubbard model: A variational Monte Carlo study

We perform a variational Monte Carlo study on spontaneous d-wave form Fermi surface deformation ($d$FSD) within the three-band Hubbard model. It is found that the variational energy of a projected Fermi sea is lowered by introducing an anisotropy between the hopping integrals along the x and y directions. Our results show that the $d$FSD state has the strongest tendency at half-filling in the absence of magnetism, and disappears as the hole concentration increases to $n_h\approx 1.15$. This is qualitatively in agreement with the mean field analysis and the exact diagonalization calculation for the one-band models, and provides a qualitative explanation to the "intra-unit-cell" electronic nematicity revealed by the scanning tunneling microscopy. An analysis of the dependence of $d$FSD on the parameters of the three-band model indicates that the copper on-site Coulomb interaction, the nearest-neighbor copper-oxygen repulsion, and the charge-transfer energy have a remarkable positive effect on $d$FSD.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figure

The Scale on Chiral Symmetry Breaking

We study the relation between the scale of chiral symmetry spontaneously breaking and constituent quark mass. We argue that this relation partly reveals strong interaction origination of chiral symmetry breaking. We show that the relation can be obtained via checking unitarity region of low-energy effective field theory of QCD. This effective field theory must manifestly include consistent quark mass as parameter. Thus we derive this effective field theory from naive chiral constituent quark model. The phenomenological value obtained by this method agree with usual one determined by pion decay constant.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure

Resummation Study on Decay ρ→ππ\rho\to\pi\pi in U(2)L×U(2)RU(2)_L\times U(2)_R Chiral Theory of Mesons

We improve $O(p^4)$ calculation in $U(2)_L\times U(2)_R$ chiral theory of mesons by resummation calculation for vector mesons physics and restudy decay $\rho\to\pi\pi$. A complete and compact expression for $f_{\rho\pi\pi}(p^2)$ (up to $O(p^\infty)$) is obtained, from which an important non-perturbative conclusion is given based on convergence and unitarity consideration.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

Total variation with overlapping group sparsity for image deblurring under impulse noise

The total variation (TV) regularization method is an effective method for image deblurring in preserving edges. However, the TV based solutions usually have some staircase effects. In this paper, in order to alleviate the staircase effect, we propose a new model for restoring blurred images with impulse noise. The model consists of an $\ell_1$-fidelity term and a TV with overlapping group sparsity (OGS) regularization term. Moreover, we impose a box constraint to the proposed model for getting more accurate solutions. An efficient and effective algorithm is proposed to solve the model under the framework of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). We use an inner loop which is nested inside the majorization minimization (MM) iteration for the subproblem of the proposed method. Compared with other methods, numerical results illustrate that the proposed method, can significantly improve the restoration quality, both in avoiding staircase effects and in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and relative error (ReE).Comment: 22 pages, 57 figures, submitte

Measuring the extragalactic background light from very high energy gamma-ray observations of blazars

The extragalactic background light (EBL) contains important information about stellar and galaxy evolution. It leaves imprint on the very high energy $\gamma$-ray spectra from sources at cosmological distances due to the process of pair production. In this work we propose to {\em measure} the EBL directly by extracting the collective attenuation effects in a number of $\gamma$-ray sources at different redshifts. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo fitting method, the EBL intensities and the intrinsic spectral parameters of $\gamma$-ray sources are derived simultaneously. No prior shape of EBL is assumed in the fit. With this method, we can for the first time to derive the spectral shape of the EBL model-independently. Our result shows the expected features predicted by the present EBL models and thus support the understanding of the EBL origin.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures and 2 table

Nematic state stabilized by off-site Coulomb interaction in iron-based superconductors

Using a variational Monte Carlo method, we investigate the nematic state in iron-base superconductors based on a three-band Hubbard model. Our results demonstrate that the nematic state, formed by introducing an anisotropic hopping order into the projected wave function, can arise in the underdoped regime when a realistic off-site Coulomb interaction $V$ is considered. {\color {red} We demonstrate that the off-site Coulomb interaction $V$, which is neglected so far in the analysis of iron-base superconductors, make a dominant contribution to the stabilization of nematic state. We calculate the doping dependencies of the anisotropic properties such as the unequal occupation of $d_{xz}$ and $d_{yz}$ orbitals, anisotropies of kinetic energy and spin correlations, and show that they are all suppressed upon electron doping, which are consistent with the intrinsic anisotropies observed by optical spectrum measurement and ARPES experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

The interpretation for Galactic Center Excess and Electroweak Phase Transition in the NMSSM

The gamma-ray excess observed by the Fermi-LAT in the Galactic Center can be interpreted by the dark matter annihilation to $b\bar{b}$ via a light pseudoscalar in the NMSSM. It is interesting to note that the corresponding singlet scalar is useful to achieve a strongly first order phase transition required by the electroweak baryogenesis. In this paper, we investigate the possibility that the NMSSM model can simultaneously accommodate these two issues. The phase transition strength can be characterized by the vacua energy gap at zero temperature and be sufficiently enhanced by the tree-level effect in the NMSSM. We find that the annihilation of Singlino/Higgsino DM particles occurring close to the light pseudoscalar resonance is favored by the galactic center excess and the observed DM relic density, and a resulting small $\kappa/\lambda$ and a negative $A_\kappa$ can also lead to a successful strongly first order electroweak phase transition.Comment: 18 pages,3 figures, comments are welcome

The excitation functions of 187Re(n,2n)186m,gRe Reactions

A new value for the emission probability of 137.144keV g-ray of 186gRe decay are re-recommended to be 9.47+-0.03 (%). From this new g-ray emission probability, the measured cross sections for 187Re(n,2n)186mRe and 187Re(n,2n)186gRe reactions around 14MeV are evaluated, and the total cross section for 187Re(n,2n)186m+gRe reaction at 14.8MeV is recommended to be 2213+-116 mb. The UNF code are adopted to calculate the total cross sections for 187Re(n,2n)186m+gRe reaction below 20 MeV fitting to the recommended value 2213+-116 mb at 14.8MeV using a set of optimum neutron optical potential parameters which obtained on the relevant experimental data of Re. Then the isomeric cross section ratios for 187Re(n,2n)186m,gRe reaction are calculated using the method of Monte Carlo calculations based on the nuclear statistical theory. Combining these two calculated results, the excitation functions for 187Re(n,2n)186mRe and 187Re(n,2n)186gRe reactions are obtained. The obtained results are in good agreement with the available experimental data, which indicates that present method is useful to deduce the isomeric cross sections for (n,2n) reaction.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure