catena-Poly[[[triaqua­(4,5-diaza­fluorene-9-one)cadmium]-μ-benzene-1,3-dicarboxyl­ato] dihydrate]

In the title compound, {[Cd(C8H4O4)(C11H6N2O)(H2O)3]·2H2O}n, the CdII atom is seven-coordinated by two N atoms from the phenanthroline-derived 4,5-diaza­fluorene-9-one ligand, two O atoms from one bidentate benzene-1,3-dicarboxyl­ate ligand and three O atoms from the three water mol­ecules in a distorted penta­gonal-bipyramidal arrangement. Moreover, there are two dissociative water mol­ecules in each unit. Neighbouring units inter­act through π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.325 (3) and 3.358 (4) Å] and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding, resulting in a two-dimensional network extending parallel to (001)

Effect of Low Temperature Ultrafine Grinding on the Quality Characteristics of Whole Wheat Flour Dough

In order to study the effect of ultrafine grinding time on the quality characteristics of whole wheat flour and dough, wheat was used as raw material and the whole grain wheat was ultra-finely ground by direct grinding method. The effects of particle size on the gelatinization characteristics, thermomechanical properties of whole wheat flour rheological properties of dough, color and texture of dough were investigated. The results showed that with the increase of crushing time, the particle size of whole wheat flour decreased, and the D50 decreased from 107.20 um to 45.65 um. The particle size distribution was more concentrated. The peak viscosity decreased, and the setback value decreased from 623.33 mPa·s to 485.33 mPa·s. The reduction of particle size could delay the aging of dough and product. The hardness of dough gradually decreased with the decrease of particle size, and the elasticity and cohesion gradually increased. The water absorption rate of dough increased from 65.7% to 76.7%, and the stabilization time also showed an upward trend. The low-temperature ultrafine grinding technology of wheat grains can improve the quality of whole wheat flour, and it is feasible to apply this technology to the field of whole grain processing

Rapid EST isolation from chromosome 1R of rye

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To obtain important expressed sequence tags (ESTs) located on specific chromosomes is currently difficult. Construction of single-chromosome EST library could be an efficient strategy to isolate important ESTs located on specific chromosomes. In this research we developed a method to rapidly isolate ESTs from chromosome 1R of rye by combining the techniques of chromosome microdissection with hybrid specific amplification (HSA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Chromosome 1R was isolated by a glass needle and digested with proteinase K (PK). The DNA of chromosome 1R was amplified by two rounds of PCR using a degenerated oligonucleotide 6-MW sequence with a <it>Sau</it>3AI digestion site as the primer. The PCR product was digested with <it>Sau</it>3AI and linked with adaptor HSA1, then hybridized with the <it>Sau</it>3AI digested cDNA with adaptor HSA2 of rye leaves with and without salicylic acid (SA) treatment, respectively. The hybridized DNA fragments were recovered by the HSA method and cloned into pMD18-T vector. The cloned inserts were released by PCR using the partial sequences in HSA1 and HSA2 as the primers and then sequenced. Of the 94 ESTs obtained and analyzed, 6 were known sequences located on rye chromosome 1R or on homologous group 1 chromosomes of wheat; all of them were highly homologous with ESTs of wheat, barley and/or other plants in <it>Gramineae</it>, some of which were induced by abiotic or biotic stresses. Isolated in this research were 22 ESTs with unknown functions, probably representing some new genes on rye chromosome 1R.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We developed a new method to rapidly clone chromosome-specific ESTs from chromosome 1R of rye. The information reported here should be useful for cloning and investigating the new genes found on chromosome 1R.</p

Burden of Pneumonia and Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in China among Children under 5 Years of Age: A Systematic Literature Review

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: To understand the burden and epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease among children between 1 and 59 months of age in China, we conducted a review of literature published between 1980 and 2008 applying standardized algorithms. Because of the absence of population-based surveillance for pneumococcal disease (PD), we identified all-cause pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis burden, syndromes most commonly associated with S. pneumoniae, and applied the proportion of disease attributable to S. pneumoniae from studies that determined the etiology of these three syndromes to calculate PD burden. Because of the microbiologic difficulties in identifying S. pneumoniae-attributable pneumonia which likely underestimates the pneumonia burden, we also used the proportion obtained from vaccine efficacy trials. RESULTS: Between 1980 and 2008, there were 12,815 cases/100,000/year of all-cause pneumonia among children between 1 month and 59 months, with 526 deaths/100,000 annually. There were 14 meningitis cases/100,000/year. We estimate that as of 2000, there were 260,768 (113,000 to 582,382) and 902 (114-4,463) cases of pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis, respectively with 10,703 (4,638-23,904) and 75 (9-370) pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis deaths, respectively. Pneumococcal pneumonia cases and deaths were more than two-fold higher, 695,382 (173,845-1,216,918) and 28,542 (7,136-49,949), respectively, when parameters from efficacy trials were used. Serotypes 19F, 19A and 14 were the most common serotypes obtained from pneumonia/meningitis patients. Currently available vaccines are expected to cover 79.5% to 88.4% of the prevalent serotypes. With high antibiotic resistance, introducing pneumococcal vaccines to the routine immunization program should be considered in China. Population-based studies are warranted

DOMAIN: MilDly COnservative Model-BAsed OfflINe Reinforcement Learning

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL), which learns environment model from offline dataset and generates more out-of-distribution model data, has become an effective approach to the problem of distribution shift in offline RL. Due to the gap between the learned and actual environment, conservatism should be incorporated into the algorithm to balance accurate offline data and imprecise model data. The conservatism of current algorithms mostly relies on model uncertainty estimation. However, uncertainty estimation is unreliable and leads to poor performance in certain scenarios, and the previous methods ignore differences between the model data, which brings great conservatism. Therefore, this paper proposes a milDly cOnservative Model-bAsed offlINe RL algorithm (DOMAIN) without estimating model uncertainty to address the above issues. DOMAIN introduces adaptive sampling distribution of model samples, which can adaptively adjust the model data penalty. In this paper, we theoretically demonstrate that the Q value learned by the DOMAIN outside the region is a lower bound of the true Q value, the DOMAIN is less conservative than previous model-based offline RL algorithms and has the guarantee of security policy improvement. The results of extensive experiments show that DOMAIN outperforms prior RL algorithms on the D4RL dataset benchmark, and achieves better performance than other RL algorithms on tasks that require generalization.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure