61,683 research outputs found
Hybrid Iterative Multiuser Detection for Channel Coded Space Division Multiple Access OFDM Systems
Space division multiple access (SDMA) aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems assisted by efficient multiuser detection (MUD) techniques have recently attracted intensive research interests. The maximum likelihood detection (MLD) arrangement was found to attain the best performance, although this was achieved at the cost of a computational complexity, which increases exponentially both with the number of users and with the number of bits per symbol transmitted by higher order modulation schemes. By contrast, the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) SDMA-MUD exhibits a lower complexity at the cost of a performance loss. Forward error correction (FEC) schemes such as, for example, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), may be efficiently combined with SDMA-OFDM systems for the sake of improving the achievable performance. Genetic algorithm (GA) based multiuser detection techniques have been shown to provide a good performance in MUD-aided code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. In this contribution, a GA-aided MMSE MUD is proposed for employment in a TTCM assisted SDMA-OFDM system, which is capable of achieving a similar performance to that attained by its optimum MLD-aided counterpart at a significantly lower complexity, especially at high user loads. Moreover, when the proposed biased Q-function based mutation (BQM) assisted iterative GA (IGA) MUD is employed, the GA-aided systemâs performance can be further improved, for example, by reducing the bit error ratio (BER) measured at 3 dB by about five orders of magnitude in comparison to the TTCM assisted MMSE-SDMA-OFDM benchmarker system, while still maintaining modest complexity
TCM, TTCM, BICM and BICM-ID Assisted MMSE Multi-User Detected SDMA-OFDM Using Walsh-Hadamard Spreading
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) aided Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems assisted by efficient Multi-User Detection (MUD) techniques have recently attracted intensive research interests. Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes and frequency-domain spreading techniques can be efficiently amalgamated with SDMA-OFDM systems for the sake of improving the achievable performance. In this contribution a Coded Modulation (CM) assisted and Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) multi-user detected SDMA-OFDM system combined with Walsh-Hadamard-Transform-Spreading (WHTS) across a number of subcarriers is proposed. The various CM schemes used are Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM), Turbo TCM (TTCM), Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) and Iteratively Decoded BICM (BICM-ID), which constitute bandwidth efficient schemes that combine the functions of coding and modulation. Invoking the WHTS technique is capable of further improving the average Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the CM-SDMA-OFDM system, since the bursty error effects imposed by the frequency-domain fading encountered are spread over the entire WHT block length, therefore increasing the chances of correcting the transmission errors by the CM decoders
Effect of Statistical Fluctuation in Monte Carlo Based Photon Beam Dose Calculation on Gamma Index Evaluation
The gamma-index test has been commonly adopted to quantify the degree of
agreement between a reference dose distribution and an evaluation dose
distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation has been widely used for the
radiotherapy dose calculation for both clinical and research purposes. The goal
of this work is to investigate both theoretically and experimentally the impact
of the MC statistical fluctuation on the gamma-index test when the fluctuation
exists in the reference, the evaluation, or both dose distributions. To the
first order approximation, we theoretically demonstrated in a simplified model
that the statistical fluctuation tends to overestimate gamma-index values when
existing in the reference dose distribution and underestimate gamma-index
values when existing in the evaluation dose distribution given the original
gamma-index is relatively large for the statistical fluctuation. Our numerical
experiments using clinical photon radiation therapy cases have shown that 1)
when performing a gamma-index test between an MC reference dose and a non-MC
evaluation dose, the average gamma-index is overestimated and the passing rate
decreases with the increase of the noise level in the reference dose; 2) when
performing a gamma-index test between a non-MC reference dose and an MC
evaluation dose, the average gamma-index is underestimated when they are within
the clinically relevant range and the passing rate increases with the increase
of the noise level in the evaluation dose; 3) when performing a gamma-index
test between an MC reference dose and an MC evaluation dose, the passing rate
is overestimated due to the noise in the evaluation dose and underestimated due
to the noise in the reference dose. We conclude that the gamma-index test
should be used with caution when comparing dose distributions computed with
Monte Carlo simulation
The Architecture of a Novel Weighted Network: Knowledge Network
Networked structure emerged from a wide range of fields such as biological
systems, World Wide Web and technological infrastructure. A deeply insight into
the topological complexity of these networks has been gained. Some works start
to pay attention to the weighted network, like the world-wide airport network
and the collaboration network, where links are not binary, but have
intensities. Here, we construct a novel knowledge network, through which we
take the first step to uncover the topological structure of the knowledge
system. Furthermore, the network is extended to the weighted one by assigning
weights to the edges. Thus, we also investigate the relationship between the
intensity of edges and the topological structure. These results provide a novel
description to understand the hierarchies and organizational principles in
knowledge system, and the interaction between the intensity of edges and
topological structure. This system also provides a good paradigm to study
weighted networks.Comment: 5 figures 11 page
Large magnetoresistance in bcc Co/MgO/Co and FeCo/MgO/FeCo tunneling junctions
By use of first-principles electronic structure calculations, we predict that
the magnetoresistance of the bcc Co(100)/MgO(100)/bcc Co(100) and
FeCo(100)/MgO(100)/FeCo(100) tunneling junctions can be several times larger
than the very large magnetoresistance predicted for the
Fe(100)/MgO(100)/Fe(100) system. The origin of this large magnetoresistance can
be understood using simple physical arguments by considering the electrons at
the Fermi energy travelling perpendicular to the interfaces. For the minority
spins there is no state with symmetry whereas for the majority spins
there is only a state. The state decays much more slowly
than the other states within the MgO barrier. In the absence of scattering
which breaks the conservation of momentum parallel to the interfaces, the
electrons travelling perpendicular to the interfaces undergo total reflection
if the moments of the electrodes are anti-parallel. These arguments apply
equally well to systems with other well ordered tunnel barriers and for which
the most slowly decaying complex energy band in the barrier has
symmetry. Examples include systems with (100) layers constructed from Fe, bcc
Co, or bcc FeCo electrodes and Ge, GaAs, or ZnSe barriers.Comment: 8 figure files in eps forma
Numerical Optimisation for the Evaluation of Combustion Kinetic Models
AbstractFour optimisation methods have been chosen and implemented for optimising kinetic parameters with respect to a set of experimental data. They were first successfully validated via specifically tailored minimisation problems where kinetic coefficients had been varied so as to produce discrepancies with the initial predictions of the GRI (Gas Research Institute) mechanism 3.0. Three of them could retrieve an almost perfect agreement whereas the fourth approach found a slightly sub-optimal solution. Afterwards, a set of CH3âO2 and C2H6âO2 oxidation experiments inconsistent with the initial values of GRI 3.0 were considered. It could be shown that the parameters of the most sensitive reactions could not be optimised under reasonable limits, thereby indicating that these experiments are probably not predictable by GRI 3.0
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