Categories of First-Order Quantifiers

One well known problem regarding quantifiers, in particular the 1storder quantifiers, is connected with their syntactic categories and denotations. The unsatisfactory efforts to establish the syntactic and ontological categories of quantifiers in formalized first-order languages can be solved by means of the so called principle of categorial compatibility formulated by Roman Suszko, referring to some innovative ideas of Gottlob Frege and visible in syntactic and semantic compatibility of language expressions. In the paper the principle is introduced for categorial languages generated by the Ajdukiewicz’s classical categorial grammar. The 1st-order quantifiers are typically ambiguous. Every 1st-order quantifier of the type k \u3e 0 is treated as a two-argument functorfunction defined on the variable standing at this quantifier and its scope (the sentential function with exactly k free variables, including the variable bound by this quantifier); a binary function defined on denotations of its two arguments is its denotation. Denotations of sentential functions, and hence also quantifiers, are defined separately in Fregean and in situational semantics. They belong to the ontological categories that correspond to the syntactic categories of these sentential functions and the considered quantifiers. The main result of the paper is a solution of the problem of categories of the 1st-order quantifiers based on the principle of categorial compatibility

Rejection in Łukasiewicz's and Słupecki's Sense

The idea of rejection originated by Aristotle. The notion of rejection was introduced into formal logic by Łukasiewicz [20]. He applied it to complete syntactic characterization of deductive systems using an axiomatic method of rejection of propositions [22, 23]. The paper gives not only genesis, but also development and generalization of the notion of rejection. It also emphasizes the methodological approach to biaspectual axiomatic method of characterization of deductive systems as acceptance (asserted) systems and rejection (refutation) systems, introduced by Łukasiewicz and developed by his student Słupecki, the pioneers of the method, which becomes relevant in modern approaches to logic

Current use of cardiac magnetic resonance in tertiary referral centres for the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy: the ESC EORP Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis Registry.

ims: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is recommended in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathies, but it is time-consuming, expensive, and limited in availability in some European regions. The aim of this study was to determine the use of CMR in cardiomyopathy patients enrolled into the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) cardiomyopathy registry [part of the EURObservational Research Programme (EORP)]. Methods and results: Three thousand, two hundred, and eight consecutive adult patients (34.6% female; median age: 53.0 ± 15 years) with cardiomyopathy were studied: 1260 with dilated (DCM), 1739 with hypertrophic (HCM), 66 with restrictive (RCM), and 143 with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). CMR scans were performed at baseline in only 29.4% of patients. CMR utilization was variable according to cardiomyopathy subtypes: from 51.1% in ARVC to 36.4% in RCM, 33.8% in HCM, and 20.6% in DCM (P < 0.001). CMR use in tertiary referral centres located in different European countries varied from 1% to 63.2%. Patients undergoing CMR were younger, less symptomatic, less frequently had implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)/pacemaker implanted, had fewer cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities (P < 0.001). In 28.6% of patients, CMR was used along with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE); 67.6% patients underwent TTE alone, and 0.9% only CMR. Conclusion: Less than one-third of patients enrolled in the registry underwent CMR and the use varied greatly between cardiomyopathy subtypes, clinical profiles of patients, and European tertiary referral centres. This gap with current guidelines needs to be considered carefully by scientific societies to promote wider availability and use of CMR in patients with cardiomyopathies

Current use of cardiac magnetic resonance in tertiary referral centres for the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy: the ESC EORP Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis Registry

AIMS: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is recommended in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathies, but it is time-consuming, expensive, and limited in availability in some European regions. The aim of this study was to determine the use of CMR in cardiomyopathy patients enrolled into the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) cardiomyopathy registry [part of the EURObservational Research Programme (EORP)]. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three thousand, two hundred, and eight consecutive adult patients (34.6% female; median age: 53.0 ± 15 years) with cardiomyopathy were studied: 1260 with dilated (DCM), 1739 with hypertrophic (HCM), 66 with restrictive (RCM), and 143 with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). CMR scans were performed at baseline in only 29.4% of patients. CMR utilization was variable according to cardiomyopathy subtypes: from 51.1% in ARVC to 36.4% in RCM, 33.8% in HCM, and 20.6% in DCM (P < 0.001). CMR use in tertiary referral centres located in different European countries varied from 1% to 63.2%. Patients undergoing CMR were younger, less symptomatic, less frequently had implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)/pacemaker implanted, had fewer cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities (P < 0.001). In 28.6% of patients, CMR was used along with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE); 67.6% patients underwent TTE alone, and 0.9% only CMR. CONCLUSION: Less than one-third of patients enrolled in the registry underwent CMR and the use varied greatly between cardiomyopathy subtypes, clinical profiles of patients, and European tertiary referral centres. This gap with current guidelines needs to be considered carefully by scientific societies to promote wider availability and use of CMR in patients with cardiomyopathies

Bioequivalence study of 2.5 mg film-coated bisoprolol tablets in healthy volunteers

Wstęp: Bisoprolol jest jednym z najczęściej stosowanych beta-adrenolityków cechujących się kardioselektywnością i pozbawionym wewnętrznej aktywności sympatykomimetycznej. Jest powszechnie stosowany w leczeniu choroby niedokrwiennej serca czy niewydolności serca. Cel: Celem pracy była ocena równoważności biologicznej tabletek powlekanych zawierających bisoprolol w dawce 2,5 mg (Bisocard® — lek badany) w odniesieniu do oryginalnego produktu leczniczego (Concor Cor 2.5® — lek referencyjny). Metody: Przeprowadzono badanie otwarte z randomizacją w schemacie krzyżowym, po pojedynczym podaniu na czczo zdrowym ochotnikom rasy białej bisolprololu w dawce 10 mg (4 tabletki po 2,5 mg). Próbki krwi pobierano do 60. godziny po podaniu leku. Stężenie bisoprololu w osoczu oznaczono zwalidowaną metodą LC-MS/MS. Produkty lecznicze uznano za równoważne biologicznie, gdy 90-procentowe przedziały ufności (CI) stosunków średnich geometrycznych (produkt badany/referencyjny) dla zlogarytmowanych AUC(0–t), AUC(0–∞) i Cmax mieściły się w granicach 80–125%. Działania niepożądane monitorowano na podstawie parametrów klinicznych i zgłoszeń ochotników. Wyniki: Dwudziestu sześciu zdrowych ochotników obu płci (średnia wieku ok. 29 lat, wskaźnik masy ciała 22,7 kg/m2) zostało włączonych do badania, a 24 z nich ukończyło część kliniczną badania. Otrzymano następujące stosunki średnich geometrycznych (produkt badany/referencyjny): AUC(0–t) 95,16% (90% CI 92,52–97,87%), AUC(0–∞) 95,08% (90% CI 92,40–97,83%) oraz Cmax 100,00% (90% CI 94,83–105,45%). Nie zaobserwowano istotnych statystycznie różnic w ocenianych parametrach farmakokinetycznych między produktami badanym i referencyjnym. Nie stwierdzono poważnych zdarzeń niepożądanych w badanej populacji. Wnioski: W badanej populacji stwierdzono równoważność biologiczną leku generycznego (Bisocard®) z produktem referencyjnym (Concor Cor 2.5®). Oba produkty cechują się porównywalną, dobrą tolerancją i bezpieczeństwem.Background: Bisoprolol is one of the most widely used beta-blockers characterised by cardioselectivity, and it has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is commonly used in the treatment of coronary heart disease and heart failure.   Aim: The aim of study was to assess the bioequivalence of the film-coated tablets containing 2.5 mg of bisoprolol (Bisocard® — the medicinal product) to the original medicinal product (Concor Cor 2.5® — the reference).   Methods: A randomised, open-label, two-period, crossover, single-dose, relative bioavailability study was conducted in fasted healthy Caucasian volunteers. A single 10-mg oral dose (four tablets of 2.5 mg) of the test or reference product was followed by a 14-day wash-out period, after which the subjects received the alternative product. Blood was sampled within a period of 60 h post administration in pre-specified time points. Bisoprolol concentrations were determined by a validated LC-MS/MS method. The products were considered bioequivalent if the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the log-transformed geometric mean ratios (test vs. reference) for AUC(0–t), AUC(0–∞), and Cmax were within 80–125% limits. Adverse events were monitored during the study based on the subject claims and clinical parameters.   Results: Twenty-six healthy male and female volunteers (mean age ca. 29 years; body mass index 22.7 kg/m2) were in­cluded in the study, and 24 completed the clinical part. The geometric mean ratios (test/reference) for the log-transformed AUC(0–t), AUC(0–∞), and Cmax were 95.16% (90% CI 92.52–97.87%), 95.08% (90% CI 92.40–97.83%), and 100.00% (90% CI 94.83–105.45%), respectively. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the test and reference formulations. No serious adverse events were reported.   Conclusions: The results of this single-dose study in healthy Caucasian volunteers indicate that Bisocard®; 2.5 mg film-coated tablets are bioequivalent to the reference product — Concor Cor 2.5®; 2.5 mg film-coated tablets. Both products had similar safety profile and have been well tolerated.  

Liquid chromatographic techniques in separation of betacyanins and their derivatives from red beet roots

A study on separation of betacyanins and their decarboxylated as well as dehydrogenated derivatives obtained from red beet roots (Beta vulgaris L.) in high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ion-pair high-speed counter-current chromatography (IP-HSCCC) was performed. The IP-HSCCC process was accomplished in the ‘head-to-tail’ mode in a solvent system composed of butanol — acetonitrile — water (5:1:6 v/v/v, acidifi ed with 0.7% trifl uoroacetic acid). The HPLC separation was performed in a typical reversed phase mode with mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and diode-array (DAD) detection. The chromatographic profi les of betalains obtained in these two techniques were signifi cantly diff erent. In HPLC, the most polar compounds, like betanin and isobetanin, eluted before less polar decarboxylated and dehydrogenated derivatives (mostly degradation products of betanin). In IP-HSCCC, the dehydrogenated derivatives were eluted faster then their non-dehydrogenated analogues. It was observed for the fi rst time that betanin and neobetanin (14,15-dehydrogenated betanin), which are present in many plants containing betalains, had reversed elution orders during chromatographic separation by these two techniques