Survey of Mura Defect Detection in Liquid Crystal Displays Based on Machine Vision

Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a display device based on liquid crystal electro-optic effect, and LCDs have gradually appeared and have become an indispensable part of people’s lives. In the development of LCD technology, the detection of Mura defects is a key concern in the manufacturing process. The Mura defect is a kind of display defect with low contrast and an irregular shape. This study first explains the mechanism of Mura defects in the LCD manufacturing process and classifies typical Mura defects. Then, three main purposes for the defect detection of LCDs are compared, and the advantages and disadvantages are conducted. Following that, this research examines reviews the linked literature on image preprocessing, feature extraction, dimension reduction, and classifiers of Mura defects. Finally, the future development trend and research direction of Mura defect detection based on machine vision can be drawn by this study

Progress in Laser Ablation and Biological Synthesis Processes: “Top-Down” and “Bottom-Up” Approaches for the Green Synthesis of Au/Ag Nanoparticles

Because of their small size and large specific surface area, nanoparticles (NPs) have special properties that are different from bulk materials. In particular, Au/Ag NPs have been intensively studied for a long time, especially for biomedical applications. Thereafter, they played a significant role in the fields of biology, medical testing, optical imaging, energy and catalysis, MRI contrast agents, tumor diagnosis and treatment, environmental protection, and so on. When synthesizing Au/Ag NPs, the laser ablation and biosynthesis methods are very promising green processes. Therefore, this review focuses on the progress in the laser ablation and biological synthesis processes for Au/Ag NP generation, especially in their fabrication fundamentals and potential applications. First, the fundamentals of the laser ablation method are critically reviewed, including the laser ablation mechanism for Au/Ag NPs and the controlling of their size and shape during fabrication using laser ablation. Second, the fundamentals of the biological method are comprehensively discussed, involving the synthesis principle and the process of controlling the size and shape and preparing Au/Ag NPs using biological methods. Third, the applications in biology, tumor diagnosis and treatment, and other fields are reviewed to demonstrate the potential value of Au/Ag NPs. Finally, a discussion surrounding three aspects (similarity, individuality, and complementarity) of the two green synthesis processes is presented, and the necessary outlook, including the current limitations and challenges, is suggested, which provides a reference for the low-cost and sustainable production of Au/Ag NPs in the future

Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Spatial Features of 2.5 Dimensional Sound Field

The traditional acoustic-based diagnosis (ABD) technique based on single-channel testing has a significant engineering value. Since its diagnosis robustness is sensitive to sound signal acquisition location, it develops slowly. To solve this problem, the 2-dimensional (2D) sound field variation near the machine is adopted for diagnosis by the near-field acoustic holography (NAH)- based fault diagnosis method with array measurement. However, its performance is limited due to the neglect of the sound field normal change information. To dig the sound field fault information further, a 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) acoustic field diagnosis method is presented in this paper and its performance compared with the 2D technology is verified by the bearing diagnostic test. Different from the 2D technique with only one source image, the 2.5D acoustic field model consists of source image, holographic sound image, and the differences between them, and its effective feature model is constructed by Gabor wavelet feature extraction and random forest feature reduction algorithm. The diagnostic effect of the 2.5D technique compared with the 2D technique increases more than 11% in the bearing diagnostic test. It provides new ideas for the development of the NAH-based fault diagnosis method, and further improves the ABD technique-based array measurement

Molecular Dynamics Study of Laser Interaction with Nanoparticles in Liquids and Its Potential Application

Laser interaction with nanoparticles in liquid is the fundamental theoretical basis for many applications but it is still challenging to observe this nanoscale phenomenon within a few nanoseconds in liquid by experiment. The successful implementation of the two-temperature method integrated with molecular dynamics (TTM-MD) in laser interaction with bulk material has shown great potential in providing a panoramic view of the laser interaction with the nanoparticles. However, the current TTM-MD model has to divide the system into cubic cells, which leads to mistakes near the nanoparticle’s surface. We introduce the latest model, which performs the TTM-MD on each individual cluster instead of the cubic cells, and its high-performance parallel cluster analysis algorithm to update the cluster size. The cluster-based TTM-MD revealed the nanoparticle formation mechanism of laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL) and facilitated the study of laser fluence’s effect on the size distribution. In addition to LFL, this model is promising to be implemented in the laser thermal therapy of tumors, laser melting in liquid (LML), etc. Although cluster-based TTM-MD has proven to be a powerful tool for studying laser interaction with nanoparticles, a few challenges and future developments for the cluster-based TTM-MD, especially the ionization induced by femtosecond, are also discussed

A Cuckoo Search Algorithm Using Improved Beta Distributing and Its Application in the Process of EDM

Lévy flights random walk is one of key parts in the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm to update individuals. The standard CS algorithm adopts the constant scale factor for this random walk. This paper proposed an improved beta distribution cuckoo search (IBCS) for this factor in the CS algorithm. In terms of local characteristics, the proposed algorithm makes the scale factor of the step size in Lévy flights showing beta distribution in the evolutionary process. In terms of the overall situation, the scale factor shows the exponential decay trend in the process. The proposed algorithm makes full use of the advantages of the two improvement strategies. The test results show that the proposed strategy is better than the standard CS algorithm or others improved by a single improvement strategy, such as improved CS (ICS) and beta distribution CS (BCS). For the six benchmark test functions of 30 dimensions, the average rankings of the CS, ICS, BCS, and IBCS algorithms are 3.67, 2.67, 1.5, and 1.17, respectively. For the six benchmark test functions of 50 dimensions, moreover, the average rankings of the CS, ICS, BCS, and IBCS algorithms are 2.83, 2.5, 1.67, and 1.0, respectively. Confirmed by our case study, the performance of the ABCS algorithm was better than that of standard CS, ICS or BCS algorithms in the process of EDM. For example, under the single-objective optimization convergence of MRR, the iteration number (13 iterations) of the CS algorithm for the input process parameters, such as discharge current, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, and servo voltage, was twice that (6 iterations) of the IBCS algorithm. Similar, the iteration number (17 iterations) of BCS algorithm for these parameters was twice that (8 iterations) of the IBCS algorithm under the single-objective optimization convergence of Ra. Therefore, it strengthens the CS algorithm’s accuracy and convergence speed

Review of Research Progress in Nontraditional Machining of Ultrahigh-Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites

Ultrahigh-temperature ceramic matrix composites are currently among the most promising high-temperature-resistant materials, owing to their high-temperature strength, high-toughness and excellent corrosion resistance; they are widely used in national defense and aerospace fields. However, it is a difficult material to machine, and high precision is difficult to achieve using traditional machining methods. Nontraditional machining methods are not constrained by material physical and mechanical properties, and good surface quality is easily obtained, which is an important direction in the field of ultrahigh-temperature ceramic matrix composites. This paper summarizes the recent nontraditional machining methods utilized in the fabrication of ultrahigh-temperature ceramic matrix composites. Firstly, various nontraditional machining methods for ultrahigh-temperature ceramic matrix composites based on borides, carbides and nitrides are reviewed, and the machining performances under different machining conditions are compared. Subsequently, the problems and challenges of ultrahigh-temperature ceramic matrix composite nontraditional machining are summarized and discussed. Lastly, the future development path of nontraditional machining methods for ultrahigh-temperature ceramic matrix composites is summarized and predicted

Recent Advances in Precision Diamond Wire Sawing Monocrystalline Silicon

Due to the brittleness of silicon, the use of a diamond wire to cut silicon wafers is a critical stage in solar cell manufacturing. In order to improve the production yield of the cutting process, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the phenomena relating to the cutting parameters. This research reviews and summarizes the technology for the precision machining of monocrystalline silicon using diamond wire sawing (DWS). Firstly, mathematical models, molecular dynamics (MD), the finite element method (FEM), and other methods used for studying the principle of DWS are compared. Secondly, the equipment used for DWS is reviewed, the influences of the direction and magnitude of the cutting force on the material removal rate (MRR) are analyzed, and the improvement of silicon wafer surface quality through optimizing process parameters is summarized. Thirdly, the principles and processing performances of three assisted machining methods, namely ultrasonic vibration-assisted DWS (UV-DWS), electrical discharge vibration-assisted DWS (ED-DWS), and electrochemical-assisted DWS (EC-DWS), are reviewed separately. Finally, the prospects for the precision machining of monocrystalline silicon using DWS are provided, highlighting its significant potential for future development and improvement

Study on Mechanism of Glass Molding Process for Fingerprint Lock Glass Plates

Curved glass is widely used in 3C industry, and the market demand is increasing gradually. Glass molding process (GMP) is a high-precision, high-efficiency 3D glass touch panel processing technology. In this study, the processing parameters of fingerprint lock glass panels were deeply analyzed. This paper first introduces the molding process of the glass panel, discusses the glass forming device, and explains the heat conduction principle of the glass. Firstly, it introduces the forming process of the glass panel, discusses the glass forming device, and explains the heat conduction principle of the glass. Secondly, the simulation model of a fingerprint lock glass plate was simulated by MSC. Marc software. The stress relaxation model and structure relaxation model are used in the model, and the heat transfer characteristics of glass mold are combined to accurately predict the forming process of glass components. The effects of molding temperature, heating rate, holding time, molding pressure, cooling rate and other process parameters on product quality characteristics (residual stress and shape deviation) were analyzed through simulation experiments. The results show that, in a certain range, the residual stress is inversely proportional to the bending temperature and heating rate, and is directly proportional to the cooling rate, while the shape deviation decreases with the increase of temperature and heating rate. When the cooling rate decreases, the shape deviation first decreases and then increases. Furthermore, a verification experiment is designed to verify the reliability of the simulation results by measuring and calculating the surface roughness of the formed products