Biomarkers for patients with trauma associated acute respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract Trauma is a major factor that contributes to the risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Biomarkers that predict the risk, diagnosis, treatment response and prognosis of ARDS after trauma have been widely investigated. In addition to their applications in clinical diagnosis and treatment, these biomarkers provide important insights into our understanding of the pathogenesis of ARDS. This review begins with a brief introduction regarding the incidence and pathogenesis of trauma-associated ARDS. Then, we focus on reviewing the clinical trials that have been designed to investigate the value of biomarkers in ARDS after trauma. Biomarkers with a confirmed value in ARDS have been organized on the basis of key pathogenic processes that are central to ARDS and are described in detail. Among these, angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2), L-selectin, Clara cell protein 16 (CC16), soluable receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), Surfactant protein D (SP-D), histones, mtDNAs and some biomarker panels had a certain association with the diagnosis and prognosis of trauma-related ARDS. Further investigations are needed regarding the design of trials, the best sampling approaches and the optimal combinations of the biomarker panels

A Bionic Polarization Navigation Sensor and Its Calibration Method

The polarization patterns of skylight which arise due to the scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere can be used by many insects for deriving compass information. Inspired by insects’ polarized light compass, scientists have developed a new kind of navigation method. One of the key techniques in this method is the polarimetric sensor which is used to acquire direction information from skylight. In this paper, a polarization navigation sensor is proposed which imitates the working principles of the polarization vision systems of insects. We introduce the optical design and mathematical model of the sensor. In addition, a calibration method based on variable substitution and non-linear curve fitting is proposed. The results obtained from the outdoor experiments provide support for the feasibility and precision of the sensor. The sensor’s signal processing can be well described using our mathematical model. A relatively high degree of accuracy in polarization measurement can be obtained without any error compensation

The polarization patterns of skylight reflected off wave water surface

In this paper we propose a model to understand the polarization patterns of skylight when reflected off the surface of waves. The semiempirical Rayleigh model is used to analyze the polarization of scattered skylight; the Harrison and Coombes model is used to analyze light radiance distribution; and the Cox-Munk model and Mueller matrix are used to analyze reflections from wave surface. First, we calculate the polarization patterns and intensity distribution of light reflected off wave surface. Then we investigate their relationship with incident radiation, solar zenith angle, wind speed and wind direction. Our results show that the polarization patterns of reflected skylight from waves and flat water are different, while skylight reflected on both kinds of water is generally highly polarized at the Brewster angle and the polarization direction is approximately parallel to the water's surface. The backward-reflecting Brewster zone has a relatively low reflectance and a high DOP in all observing directions. This can be used to optimally diminish the reflected skylight and avoid sunglint in ocean optics measurements

Polarization Patterns of Transmitted Celestial Light under Wavy Water Surfaces

This paper presents a model to describe the polarization patterns of celestial light, which includes sunlight and skylight, when refracted by wavy water surfaces. The polarization patterns and intensity distribution of refracted light through the wave water surface were calculated. The model was validated by underwater experimental measurements. The experimental and theoretical values agree well qualitatively. This work provides a quantitative description of the repolarization and transmittance of celestial light transmitted through wave water surfaces. The effects of wind speed and incident sources on the underwater refraction polarization patterns are discussed. Scattering skylight dominates the polarization patterns while direct solar light is the dominant source of the intensity of the underwater light field. Wind speed has an influence on disturbing the patterns under water

Speed-loop bandwidth design method for controller parameters of ship hydrogen storage DC electric propulsion system

ObjectivesThis paper aims to study the problems that the external electrical characteristics of a hydrogen fuel cell are soft, its dynamic characteristics are poor and its system stability is susceptible to the influence of propulsion load in marine hydrogen storage DC electric propulsion systems. MethodsFirst, an analysis is performed of the output external electrical characteristics of the hydrogen fuel cell and the propeller load conditions of the marine electric propulsion system, then a ship-engine-propeller model and a frequency-domain model of drive control system for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) are set up. Next, a speed-loop bandwidth design method is proposed, considering the external electrical characteristics of hydrogen fuel cell and propeller load conditions. Finally, on basis of the parameters of a mother ship, an electric propulsion system for a hydrogen-battery DC electric propulsion ship in a hardware-in-loop experimental platform is established to verify the proposed method.ResultsThe experimental results show that the speed response of the motor has no overshoot under this method, and the speed-loop fluctuation is reduced by 5 r/min when the load torque disturbance occurs. ConclusionsThe speed-loop bandwidth design method proposed in this paper improves the comprehensive characteristics of the ship hydrogen storage DC electric propulsion system, and is easy to implement in engineering

Canopy modeling of aquatic vegetation: a radiative transfer approach

Aquatic vegetation in shallow waters can absorb nitrogen and phosphorus from eutrophic waters, and effectively control water bloom. However, our knowledge of the interaction between solar radiation and aquatic vegetation is limited. This restricts the protection of aquatic vegetation. This paper proposes a radiative transfer approach for homogeneous aquatic vegetation canopy, based on the theories for terrestrial vegetation and Case II water. The effects of rough water surface and bottom reflection are also taken into consideration. Validations against an independent Monte Carlo model and field experiment data exhibit well consistencies on the bidirectional reflectance of homogeneous aquatic vegetation canopy. As expected, the results for sparse canopy degenerate. This model can be used for canopy modeling of emergent, floating or submerged aquatic vegetation. Potential applications include retrieval of biophysical or biochemical parameters based on hyperspectral data and physical process

Synergistic Effects of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Oxidation Based On a Three-Dimensional Electrode Reactor Toward Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater

Degradation processes and kinetics of methyl orange (MO) by photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO), and photoelectrocatalytic oxidation (PECO) were investigated using a three-dimensional electrode reactor with TiO2/Ti electrode as anode and TiO2 immobilized on columnar activated carbon (TiO2/CAC) as packed bed particle electrodes. The synergistic effects of PCO and ECO under different anode bias voltages were studied. UV irradiation for generating electron-hole pairs and external bias voltage for promoting the separation of photogenerated holes and electrons were conducive to achieving a synergistic effect during the PECO process, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of degradation. Moreover, under an anode bias voltage of 1.0 V, the degradation efficiency of MO in PECO process reached 98.76% at 35 min, which was much higher than that of in PCO (62.43%) and in ECO (33.93%) processes. The degradation rate constant of the PECO was estimated to be 0.1354 min−1, which was significantly higher than the sum of degradation rate constant of the PCO (0.0260 min−1) and ECO process (0.0114 min−1). This novel three-dimensional electrode reactor has excellent efficiency of degradation by PECO process and shows a great potential application in wastewater treatment

Transient induction of actin cytoskeletal remodeling associated with dedifferentiation, proliferation, and redifferentiation stimulates cardiac regeneration

The formation of new and functional cardiomyocytes requires a 3-step process: dedifferentiation, proliferation, and redifferentiation, but the critical genes required for efficient dedifferentiation, proliferation, and redifferentiation remain unknown. In our study, a circular trajectory using single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the pericentriolar material 1 positive (PCM1+) cardiomyocyte nuclei from hearts 1 and 3 days after surgery-induced myocardial infarction (MI) on postnatal Day 1 was reconstructed and demonstrated that actin remodeling contributed to the dedifferentiation, proliferation, and redifferentiation of cardiomyocytes after injury. We identified four top actin-remodeling regulators, namely Tmsb4x, Tmsb10, Dmd, and Ctnna3, which we collectively referred to as 2D2P. Transiently expressed changes of 2D2P, using a polycistronic non-integrating lentivirus driven by Tnnt2 (cardiac-specific troponin T) promoters (Tnnt2-2D2P-NIL), efficiently induced transiently proliferative activation and actin remodeling in postnatal Day 7 cardiomyocytes and adult hearts. Furthermore, the intramyocardial delivery of Tnnt2-2D2P-NIL resulted in a sustained improvement in cardiac function without ventricular dilatation, thickened septum, or fatal arrhythmia for at least 4 months. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of actin remodeling in cardiac regeneration and provides a foundation for new gene-cocktail-therapy approaches to improve cardiac repair and treat heart failure using a novel transient and cardiomyocyte-specific viral construct