Nutritional value of Spanish Camelina sativa co-products for pigs

This study evaluated and compared the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in camelina expellers (CAE) and camelina meal (CAM) for growing pigs. In Exp. 1, thirty-six barrows Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) of 61.8 ± 2.83 kg body weight were allotted to 6 diets, a basal corn-soybean meal diet and 5 diets in which a proportion of the corn and soybean meal in the basal diet was replaced by CAE (100, 200 or 300 g/kg) or CAM (100 or 200 g/kg). The experiment lasted 15 days and during the last 5 days the total amount of feces and urine were collected to calculate the energy metabolizability of diets. The CTTAD of energy and DE and ME concentration in CAE and CAM were calculated by the difference procedure as well as by the regression method. In Exp. 2, thirty-three barrows Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) of 82.0 ± 2.57 kg body weight were allotted to three treatments, two cornstarch-based diets containing 350 g/kg CAE or 300 g/kg CAM as the sole source of CP and AA and a N-free diet. After 7 days of feeding, animals were euthanized and ileal digesta were sampled. The CISD of AA on CAE and CAM was determined using the direct method. Camelina meal had a greater concentration of CP and AA and a lower ether extract than CAE. The most abundant indispensable AA were arginine, leucine, valine, and lysine in both ingredients (26.3, 21.9, 19.1 and 16.2 g/kg dry matter (DM) in average, respectively). Camelina expellers contained 8.0 g/kg DM more soluble and 4.6 g/kg DM less insoluble fiber than CAM. The CTTAD of energy was 0.682 and 0.665 in CAE and CAM, respectively, when calculated using the difference method, and 0.665 and 0.655 in CAE and CAM, respectively, when estimated via the regression method. The DE and ME were on average greater (P < 0.05) for CAE compared with CAM both, using the difference or the regression method (DE, in average:14.3 MJ/kg DM and 13.1 MJ/kg DM, respectively and ME, in average: 14.1 MJ/kg DM and 12.9 MJ/kg DM, respectively). Between methods, no statistical differences were detected. The CISD of CP was greater (P < 0.05) in CAM compared with CAE (0.579 in CAE and 0.670 in CAM). The most digestible essential AA in both ingredients were methionine, arginine and histidine, with average digestibilities of 0.77, 0.75 and 0.83, respectively. The CISD of leucine and cysteine was greater in CAM compared with CAE (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CAE had greater energy value than CAM, whereas the digestibility of leucine and cysteine was less in CAE than in CAM, probably due to the greater concentration of soluble dietary fiber in CAE

Nutritive value of expeller/cold-pressed canola meal and pre-pressed solvent-extracted carinata meal for broiler chicken

A study was conducted to evaluate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of pre-pressed solvent-extracted carinata meal (SE-carinata meal) and expeller/cold-pressed canola meal (ECP-canola meal) for broilers. Two hundred and forty broiler chicks were divided into 40 groups of 6 birds/group and fed 4 diets in a completely randomized design (10 groups/diet) from 14 to 21 d of age. The diets were cornstarch-based containing SE-carinata meal, ECP-canola meal, or pre-pressed solvent-extracted canola meal (SE-canola meal; reference feedstuff) as the sole protein source, and N-free diet. Digestibility of AA and N retention for feedstuffs was determined by the direct method, whereas energy retention of feedstuffs was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On DM basis, SE-canola meal, ECP-canola meal, and SE-carinata meal contained 43, 36, and 50% CP; 2.60, 2.21, and 1.82% Lys; 32, 29, and 27% neutral detergent fiber, and 1.1, 15.3, and 0.88% ether extract, respectively. On DM basis, the AMEn value was lowest (P < 0.05) for SE-carinata meal (1,295 kcal/kg), intermediate (P < 0.05) for SE-canola meal (1,608 kcal/kg), and greatest (P < 0.05) for ECP-canola meal (1,994 kcal/kg). The SID values of indispensable AA for ECP-canola meal were greater (P < 0.05) than those for SE-canola meal or SE-carinata meal. The SID values of all indispensable AA (except Gly, Lys, and Trp) for SE-carinata meal were greater (P < 0.05) than those for SE-canola meal. The SE-canola meal and SE-carinata meal did not differ in SID of Gly and Trp; however, SE-carinata meal had lower (P < 0.05) SID of Lys than SE-canola meal. The results indicate that ECP-canola meal fed in this study could be a good source of AA and energy for broilers. Results also indicate that SE-carinata meal fed in this study could be an attractive AA source for broiler diet, but could benefit from Lys fortification due it its low SID Lys value

Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial composition of weaned pigs fed multi-enzyme supplemented diets.

A study determined the effects of supplementing corn-based diets for weaned pigs with multi-enzymes on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, fecal score, and fecal microbial composition. A total of 132 pigs (initial body weight = 7.23 kg) that had been weaned at 21 d of age and fed a drug-free nursery diet for 7 d were housed in 33 pens of 4 barrows or gilts, blocked by body weight and gender, and fed 3 experimental diets at 11 pens per diet. The diets were corn-based diet without or with multi-enzyme A or B. Multi-enzyme A supplied 4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 3,500 U of protease, and 1,500 U of amylase per kilogram of diet. Multi-enzyme B was the same as multi-enzyme A except that it supplied amylase at 150 U/kg, and that its source of amylase was different from that of multi-enzyme A. All diets contained phytase at 1,000 U/kg. The diets were fed for 35 d in 2 phases; phase 1 for the first 14 d and phase 2 for the last 21 d of the trial. Fecal score was determined daily during the first 7 d of the trial. Fecal samples were collected from rectum of 1 pig per pen on days 2, 7, 14, and 35 of the trial for determining bacterial composition. Also, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 41 and 42 to determine ATTD of nutrients. Multi-enzyme B increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) for phases 1 and 2. For the overall study period, multi-enzyme B increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG from 262 to 313 g, and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from 419 to 504 g. Multi-enzyme A increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG from 262 to 290 g, but did not affect ADFI. Multi-enzyme A or B did not affect ATTD of gross energy, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) the ATTD of ether extract from 30% to 36% or 37%, respectively. Multi-enzyme A did not affect fecal score; however, multi-enzyme B tended to decrease (P = 0.09) fecal score, implying that it tended to decrease diarrhea. Firmicutes were the most abundant phylum of fecal bacteria (its relative abundance ranged from 58% to 72%). Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the 2nd and 3rd most abundant phyla of fecal bacteria. Neither multi-enzyme affected fecal bacterial composition. In conclusion, the addition of multi-enzyme A or B to phytase-supplemented corn-based diet for weaned pigs can improve their growth performance and fat digestibility. However, multi-enzyme B was more effective than multi-enzyme A in terms of improving the growth performance of weaned pigs fed corn-based diet

Soybean meal allergenic protein degradation and gut health of piglets fed protease-supplemented diets.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of protease supplementation on degradation of soybean meal (SBM) allergenic proteins (glycinin and β-conglycinin) and gut health of weaned pigs fed soybean meal-based diets. In experiment 1, 2 SBM samples from 2 different sources were subjected to porcine in vitro gastric degradation to determine the effects of protease (at 15,000 U/kg of feedstuff) on degradation of the soybean allergenic proteins. In experiment 2, 48 weaned pigs (body weight = 6.66 kg) were obtained in 2 batches of 24 pigs each. Pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates and fed 4 diets (12 pigs/diet). The diets were corn-based diet with SBM 1 or SBM 2 without or with protease at 15,000 U/kg of diet in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets were fed for 10 d and pigs were sacrificed on day 10 for measurement of small intestinal histomorphology, permeability of small intestine mounted in Ussing chambers, and serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Two SBM sources (SBM 1 and SBM 2) contained 46.9% or 47.7% CP, 14.0% or 14.6% glycinin, and 9.90% or 10.3% β-conglycinin, respectively. Protease and SBM source did not interact on any of the response criteria measured in the current study. Protease supplementation tended to increase (P = 0.069) the in vitro gastric degradation of glycinin. Protease supplementation tended to reduce (P = 0.099) fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4,000 Da (which is a marker probe for intestinal permeability) flow in jejunum, and reduced (P = 0.037) serum TNF-α concentration. Protease did not affect small intestinal histomorphology. In conclusion, protease tended to increase gastric degradation of glycinin and reduce gut permeability, and serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that the protease used in the current study can be added to SBM-based diets for weanling pigs to improve gut health

Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with a Bacillus subtilis direct-fed microbial

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) product (Bacillus subtilis strain DSM 32540) in weaned pigs challenged with K88 strain of Escherichia coli on growth performance and indicators of gut health. A total of 21 weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 8.19 kg] were housed individually in pens and fed three diets (seven replicates per diet) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. The three diets were a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet without feed additives, a basal diet with 0.25% antibiotics (neo-Oxy 10-10; neomycin + oxytetracycline), or a basal diet with 0.05% DFM. All pigs were orally challenged with a subclinical dose (6.7 × 108 CFU/mL) of K88 strain of E. coli on day 3 of the study (3 d after weaning). Feed intake and BW data were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Fecal scores were recorded daily. On day 21, pigs were sacrificed to determine various indicators of gut health. Supplementation of the basal diet with antibiotics or DFM did not affect the overall (days 0-21) growth performance of pigs. However, antibiotics or DFM supplementation increased (P = 0.010) gain:feed (G:F) of pigs during the post-E. coli challenge period (days 3-21) by 23% and 24%, respectively. The G:F for the DFM-supplemented diet did not differ from that for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. The frequency of diarrhea for pigs fed a diet with antibiotics or DFM tended to be lower (P = 0.071) than that of pigs fed the basal diet. The jejunal villous height (VH) and the VH to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) were increased (P &lt; 0.001) by 33% and 35%, respectively, due to the inclusion of antibiotics in the basal diet and by 43% and 41%, respectively due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The VH and VH:CD for the DFM-supplemented diet were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Ileal VH was increased (P &lt; 0.05) by 46% due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The empty weight of small intestine, cecum, or colon relative to live BW was unaffected by dietary antibiotics or DFM supplementation. In conclusion, the addition of DFM to the basal diet improved the feed efficiency of E. coli-challenged weaned pigs to a value similar to that of the antibiotics-supplemented diet and increased jejunal VH and VH:CD ratio to values greater than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Thus, under E. coli challenge, the test DFM product may replace the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in diets for weaned pigs to improve feed efficiency and gut integrity