Relationship between birth weight or fetal growth rate and postnatal allergy: a systematic review

Background: Individual susceptibility to allergic diseases is developmentally programmed by early-life exposures. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests that intrauterine growth restriction is protective against later inflammatory responses to allergens. Objective: We sought to evaluate whether prenatal growth affects susceptibility to allergy in human subjects. Methods: We systematically searched for relevant studies in 11 databases, including Web of Science, ProQuest, EMBASE, and PubMed. We included only studies that corrected for gestational age or were restricted to full-term infants to separate effects of fetal growth from those of prematurity. Results: The 42 eligible studies included prospective and retrospective cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies. Only 2 studies reported allergic asthma. A birth weight increase of 1 kg was associated with a 44% greater risk of food allergy in children (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; 95% CI, 1.04-1.99; P = .001), a 17% greater risk of ever allergic dermatitis in children (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04-1.32; P = .008), and a 34% greater risk of ever or current allergic dermatitis in infants up to 2 years of age (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08-1.68; P = .009). Risks of allergic rhinitis were not associated with birth weight. Conclusions: The results of these meta-analyses suggest that intrauterine growth restriction protects against allergic diseases in human subjects consistent with preclinical evidence but that effects might differ between allergic diseases. The strongest evidence is available for infancy and early childhood, and additional studies in older children and adults are needed to determine whether the effects of prenatal growth on each allergic disease persist or differ between those with severe and mild phenotypes.Amy L. Wooldridge, Mark McMillan, Manpreet Kaur, Lynne C. Giles, Helen S. Marshall and Kathryn L. Gatfor

Advice Networks and Local Diffusion of Technological Innovations

the standard of living could not rise indefinitely unless advances in tech-nology increased the yield of the means of production. Neoclassical growth theory, based on capital accumulation, supports this intuition [1]

Privatizar ou não? Eis a questão: um estudo empírico sobre a rentabilidade das empresas de economia mista e empresas privadas listadas na Bovespa no período de 1995 a 2007

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a rentabilidade das empresas de economia mista é diferente da rentabilidade das empresas privadas, levando-se em consideração o tamanho das empresas e o custo da dívida. Foram analisadas as empresas listadas na Bovespa, compreendendo o período de 1995 a 2007. Os dados foram coletados no software Economática. Assim, procurou-se responder à seguinte questão: as empresas brasileiras de economia mista têm desempenho similar ao das empresas privadas? Para o teste da hipótese empregou-se regressão com dados em painel utilizado como proxy: para a rentabilidade, o Lair (lucro antes do imposto de renda); para o tamanho, o log de ativo; e, para o custo de captação de recursos, o custo da dívida (Kd). No que se refere à diferenciação de rentabilidade entre empresas de economia mista e empresas de economia privada, os resultados encontrados corroboram os achados de estudos anteriores. Observou-se neste estudo que tanto o tamanho quanto o custo da dívida estão relacionados à rentabilidade das empresas, mas o fato de a empresa brasileira ser de economia mista ou privada não interfere em sua rentabilidade