Mesenchymal Stem Cell Approach for Maxillary Sinus Grafting

Autogenous bone has long been a gold standard grafting material for bone defects. It possesses osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties ideal for bone healing. However, the need of a donor site surgery and related morbidities remain a major concern to the patients. Therefore, bone substitutes have been recognised to be alternatives to autogenous bone. Since they are cell-free materials providing at their best only osteoconductive property, the concept of introducing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) creates a lot of interest. This MSCs strategy can potentially contribute all the three osteo-regenerative properties similar to autogenous bone graft. The MSCs are commonly harvested by aspiration methods from the posterior hip of the same host. The cell number can be amplified by culturing in the laboratory for a period of time or concentrated using a centrifuge and dedicated systems to achieve sufficient quantity for immediate transplantation. Its application in oral and maxillofacial regions, particularly on maxillary augmentation for dental implant rehabilitation, has been researched with promising clinical results

Chinese of Hawaii

Text in English and Chines

Anthology

Yearbook for the academic year 2007--200

Hong Kong's future as a regional transport hub

After the reversion of Hong Kong to China in 1997, will the port maintain its commanding position in the worldwide operation, ownership and management of container shipping; will its airport remain as a major focal point in the global aviation network linking East Asia with the North American and European economic blocks; will the location of the associated transport infrastructure be able to accommodate the changed situation; and will the linked urban developments made with respect to Hong Kong's past settlement patterns and existing political boundaries be suitable? Above all, how will its Port and Airport Development Strategy (PADS) affect economic and political relations between Hong Kong and China? Will Hong Kong be able to maintain its competitive advantage into the twenty-first century, which will be dominated by 'time-based' competition (i.e., 'just-in-time delivery', minimal inventories and faster turnaround of capital)? Resolution of these issues will determine Hong Kong's future as a regional transport hub. Before considering PADS, this monograph reviews relevant aspects of Hong Kong's economy underpinning its transformation from an entrepot into a regional transport hub. With this background it addresses the key issues by distilling PADS into its separate components and examining each in turn: port expansion, airport relocation, land transport infrastructure, and implications for urban development. Initially, it explores each component's past developments and new proposals before evaluating criticisms in aspects of the strategy. Then it assesses the degree to which the recommendations complement or duplicate developments in the Pearl River Delta and southern China. After these analyses the monograph repacks PADS and discusses its intertwined economic and political aspects, with reference to the respective roles of the Hong Kong, Chinese and British governments. Finally, it draws conclusions about Hong Kong's likely future as a regional transport hub

Spatial epidemiology of tuberculosis in Hong Kong.

Pang, Tak Ting Phoebe."September 2010."Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-161).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Acknowledgement --- p.IAbstract --- p.II摘要 --- p.IVList of Figures --- p.VList of Tables --- p.VIIAbbreviations --- p.VIIIChapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Historical perspective of tuberculosis --- p.1Chapter 1.1.1 --- Sanatorium care --- p.2Chapter 1.1.2 --- Vaccination --- p.2Chapter 1.1.3 --- Drug treatment --- p.3Chapter 1.1.4 --- Transmission dynamics of tuberculosis --- p.3Chapter 1.1.5 --- Resurgence of tuberculosis --- p.4Chapter 1.2 --- Current global and local tuberculosis epidemiology --- p.6Chapter 1.2.1 --- "Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, drug resistance in the world" --- p.6Chapter 1.2.2 --- Global epidemiology of tuberculosis --- p.9Chapter 1.2.3 --- Local epidemiology of tuberculosis --- p.9Chapter 1.2.4 --- "Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and drug resistance in Hong Kong" --- p.14Chapter 1.2.5 --- Approaches in studying tuberculosis epidemiology --- p.15Chapter 1.3 --- Determinants of tuberculosis epidemiology --- p.17Chapter 1.3.1 --- TB determinants in the triad of epidemiology --- p.17Chapter 1.3.2 --- Rise of spatial epidemiology --- p.18Chapter 1.4 --- Recent developments of spatial epidemiology --- p.21Chapter 1.4.1 --- Spatial epidemiology and infectious disease --- p.21Chapter 1.4.2 --- Disease mapping --- p.22Chapter 1.4.3 --- Geographic information system --- p.22Chapter 1.4.4 --- Statistics in spatial epidemiology --- p.23Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.24Chapter 2.1 --- Objective of literature review --- p.24Chapter 2.2 --- Literature search --- p.25Chapter 2.2.1 --- Strategy for literature search --- p.25Chapter 2.2.2 --- Results for literature search --- p.25Chapter 2.3 --- Spatial perspective in tuberculosis epidemiology --- p.31Chapter 2.3.1 --- Mapping the spatial pattern --- p.32Chapter 2.3.2 --- Understanding the spatial pattern --- p.32Chapter 2.3.3 --- Modelling the spatial pattern --- p.33Chapter 2.4 --- Neighbourhood determinants of tuberculosis --- p.34Chapter 2.4.1 --- TB and demographics --- p.35Chapter 2.4.2 --- TB and socioeconomic status --- p.36Chapter 2.4.3 --- TB and the environment --- p.38Chapter 2.4.4 --- TB and care factors --- p.40Chapter 2.5 --- Techniques applied in studying tuberculosis epidemiology --- p.41Chapter 2.5.1 --- Constructing spatial data --- p.41Chapter 2.5.2 --- Disease maps used --- p.45Chapter 2.5.3 --- "Integrated approach using spatial statistics, conventional statistics and molecular analysis" --- p.52Chapter 2.6 --- Research gap and thesis objectives --- p.55Chapter 2.6.1 --- Research gap --- p.55Chapter 2.6.2 --- Thesis objective --- p.56Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- METHODOLOGY --- p.57Chapter 3.1 --- Rationale and approach --- p.57Chapter 3.1.1 --- Logical flow of the study --- p.57Chapter 3.1.2 --- Methodological flow of the study --- p.60Chapter 3.2 --- Choosing spatial units --- p.63Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection --- p.69Chapter 3.3.1 --- Tuberculosis data --- p.70Chapter 3.3.2 --- Spatial data --- p.70Chapter 3.3.3 --- Neighbourhood data --- p.70Chapter 3.4 --- Data manipulation --- p.73Chapter 3.4.1 --- Tuberculosis data --- p.73Chapter 3.4.2 --- Spatial data --- p.74Chapter 3.4.3 --- Neighbourhood data --- p.74Chapter 3.5 --- Centrographic analysis --- p.76Chapter 3.5.1 --- Types of centrographic statistics --- p.76Chapter 3.6 --- Exploratory spatial data analysis --- p.78Chapter 3.6.1 --- Spatial proximity matrix --- p.78Chapter 3.6.2 --- Moran's Index --- p.79Chapter 3.6.3 --- Local Indicator of Spatial Association --- p.79Chapter 3.7 --- Explanatory analysis --- p.81Chapter 3.7.1 --- Selecting variables for modelling --- p.82Chapter 3.7.2 --- Ordinary linear regression --- p.82Chapter 3.7.3 --- Geographically weighted regression --- p.83Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- RESULTS --- p.85Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.85Chapter 4.1.1 --- Individual level --- p.85Chapter 4.1.2 --- Aggregated level --- p.89Chapter 4.2 --- Results for centrographic analysis --- p.97Chapter 4.3 --- Results for exploratory spatial data analysis --- p.101Chapter 4.3.1 --- Results for Moran's Index --- p.101Chapter 4.3.2 --- Results for Local Indicator of Spatial Association --- p.103Chapter 4.4 --- Results for explanatory analysis --- p.110Chapter 4.4.1 --- Correlation analysis and variables selection --- p.110Chapter 4.4.2 --- Results for ordinary linear regression --- p.114Chapter 4.4.3 --- Results for geographically weighted regression --- p.116Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- DISCUSSION --- p.131Chapter 5.1 --- Preamble --- p.131Chapter 5.1.1 --- Methods overview --- p.132Chapter 5.1.2 --- Results overview --- p.132Chapter 5.1.3 --- Layout of this chapter --- p.134Chapter 5.2 --- Neighbourhood determinants in relation to TB --- p.135Chapter 5.2.1 --- Crowding and tuberculosis --- p.135Chapter 5.2.2 --- Poverty and tuberculosis --- p.137Chapter 5.2.3 --- Immigrants and tuberculosis --- p.138Chapter 5.2.4 --- Marital status and tuberculosis --- p.139Chapter 5.2.5 --- Implication of local parameter estimates of association --- p.140Chapter 5.3 --- Study design for spatial epidemiology --- p.142Chapter 5.3.1 --- Application of spatial dependence in spatial epidemiology --- p.142Chapter 5.3.2 --- Choosing spatial units --- p.144Chapter 5.4 --- Methodological concern in this study --- p.146Chapter 5.4.1 --- Concern over disease mapping --- p.146Chapter 5.4.2 --- Application of geographically weighted regression --- p.148Chapter 5.5 --- Limitation of the study --- p.150Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.152REFERENCE --- p.153APPENDIX --- p.162Appendix 1 How to calculate TB SNR? --- p.162Appendix 2 How GWR works? --- p.164Appendix 3 What is AIC? --- p.165Appendix 4 How Monte Carlo test works? --- p.166Appendix 5 List of GWR output --- p.16