Sortir de la guerre à Lvov

Le conflit polono-ukrainien appelé de plus en plus souvent par les historiens « guerre civile » a eu des origines profondes. On peut remonter aux temps lointains des guerres cosaques, menées par la Pologne à l’époque moderne contre les cosaques ukrainiens, qui luttaient pour leurs droits et leur place au sein de l’État polono-lituanien. Les cosaques, sujets du roi polonais, prétendaient au même statut que la noblesse polonaise et lituanienne. Leurs insurrections engagèrent aussi nombre de paysans vivant dans les territoires du sud-est de la Pologne qui désiraient se libérer de contraintes féodales imposées par l’aristocratie polonaise. Cela dit, les origines du conflit pour Lvov et la Galicie orientale, déclenché au moment du morcellement de l’Autriche-Hongrie, étaient surtout liées au phénomène des récents nationalismes polonais et ukrainien, nés tous les deux dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle.War's end in Lvov. The Polish-Ukrainian conflict on the ruins of Austria-Hungary. The Polish-Ukranian conflict, described more and more often by historians as a « civil war » had deep roots. One can trace them back a long time to the wars of the Cossacks, directed by Poland in modern times against the Ukrainian Cossacks, who fought for their rights and their place in the bosom of the Polish-Lithuanian state.  The Cossacks, subjects of the Polish king, claimed the same status as the Polish and Lithuanian nobility. Their uprisings involved also a number of peasants living in the territories of southeast Poland who wanted to be liberated from the feudal constraints imposed by the Polish aristocracy. That said, the origins of the conflict for Lvov and eastern Galicia, launched at the moment of the dividing up of Austria-Hungary, were connected above all to the recent phenomenon of Polish and Ukrainian nationalism, both of which appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century

That Seems Right: Reasoning, Inference, and the Feeling of Correctness

In my dissertation, I advance and defend a broad account of reasoning, including both the nature of inference and the structure of our reasoning systems. With respect to inference, I argue that we have good reason to consider a unified account of the cognitive transitions through which we attempt to figure things out. This view turns out to be highly inflationary relative to previous philosophical accounts of inference, which, I argue, fail to accommodate many instances of everyday reasoning. I argue that a cognitive transition’s status as an inference, in this broad sense, depends on the subject’s taking the conclusion of the inference— a new, revised, or supposed belief— to be the output of a rational thought process. Furthermore, taking such a belief to be the output of a rational thought process consists in its accompaniment by the feeling of correctness to the subject, which I call the assent affect. With respect to the structure of our reasoning systems, I defend a dual process model of reasoning by addressing certain alleged deficiencies with such accounts. I argue that the assent affect— or more precisely its absence— is a strong candidate to serve as the triggering condition of our more deliberate type 2 reasoning processes. That is, a subject’s more effortful reasoning processes engage with a problem when the output of a type 1 intuition is not accompanied by the assent affect. A subject will think harder about a problem, in other words, when they do not feel confident that they have gotten to the bottom of it. This account, I argue, fits well with both empirical and theoretical claims about the interaction of dual reasoning processes. In this dissertation, I use the assent affect to solve puzzles about both the nature of inferences and the structure of our reasoning systems. Puzzles in rationality become easier to solve when our intellectual feelings are not excluded from the picture

Experimental probing of exchange interactions between localized spins in the dilute magnetic insulator (Ga,Mn)N

The sign, magnitude, and range of the exchange couplings between pairs of Mn ions is determined for (Ga,Mn)N and (Ga,Mn)N:Si with x < 3%. The samples have been grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and characterized by secondary-ion mass spectroscopy; high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with capabilities allowing for chemical analysis, including the annular dark-field mode and electron energy loss spectroscopy; high-resolution and synchrotron x-ray diffraction; synchrotron extended x-ray absorption fine-structure; synchrotron x-ray absorption near-edge structure; infra-red optics and electron spin resonance. The results of high resolution magnetic measurements and their quantitative interpretation have allowed to verify a series of ab initio predictions on the possibility of ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic insulators and to demonstrate that the interaction changes from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic when the charge state of the Mn ions is reduced from 3+ to 2+.Comment: 12 pages, 14 figures; This version contains the detailed characterization of the crystal structure as well as of the Mn distribution and charge stat

Paramagnetic GaN:Fe and ferromagnetic (Ga,Fe)N - relation between structural, electronic, and magnetic properties

We report on the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of GaN:Fe and (Ga,Fe)N layers on c-sapphire substrates and their thorough characterization via high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), spatially-resolved energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), photoluminescence (PL), Hall-effect, electron-paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and magnetometry employing a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). A combination of TEM and EDS reveals the presence of coherent nanocrystals presumably FexN with the composition and lattice parameter imposed by the host. From both TEM and SIMS studies, it is stated that the density of nanocrystals and, thus the Fe concentration increases towards the surface. In layers with iron content x<0.4% the presence of ferromagnetic signatures, such as magnetization hysteresis and spontaneous magnetization, have been detected. We link the presence of ferromagnetic signatures to the formation of Fe-rich nanocrystals, as evidenced by TEM and EDS studies. This interpretation is supported by magnetization measurements after cooling in- and without an external magnetic field, pointing to superparamagnetic properties of the system. It is argued that the high temperature ferromagnetic response due to spinodal decomposition into regions with small and large concentration of the magnetic component is a generic property of diluted magnetic semiconductors and diluted magnetic oxides showing high apparent Curie temperature.Comment: 21 pages, 30 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Identification of blood biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis by transcript profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the rat collagen-induced arthritis model

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease that results in joint destruction and subsequent loss of function. To better understand its pathogenesis and to facilitate the search for novel RA therapeutics, we profiled the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to discover and characterize blood biomarkers for RA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purified using a Ficoll gradient at various time points after type II collagen immunization for RNA preparation. Total RNA was processed for a microarray analysis using Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Statistical comparison analyses identified differentially expressed genes that distinguished CIA from control rats. Clustering analyses indicated that gene expression patterns correlated with laboratory indices of disease progression. A set of 28 probe sets showed significant differences in expression between blood from arthritic rats and that from controls at the earliest time after induction, and the difference persisted for the entire time course. Gene Ontology comparison of the present study with previous published murine microarray studies showed conserved Biological Processes during disease induction between the local joint and PBMC responses. Genes known to be involved in autoimmune response and arthritis, such as those encoding Galectin-3, Versican, and Socs3, were identified and validated by quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR analysis using independent blood samples. Finally, immunoblot analysis confirmed that Galectin-3 was secreted over time in plasma as well as in supernatant of cultured tissue synoviocytes of the arthritic rats, which is consistent with disease progression. Our data indicate that gene expression in PBMCs from the CIA model can be utilized to identify candidate blood biomarkers for RA