Analysis of arterial intimal hyperplasia: review and hypothesis

which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background: Despite a prodigious investment of funds, we cannot treat or prevent arteriosclerosis and restenosis, particularly its major pathology, arterial intimal hyperplasia. A cornerstone question lies behind all approaches to the disease: what causes the pathology? Hypothesis: I argue that the question itself is misplaced because it implies that intimal hyperplasia is a novel pathological phenomenon caused by new mechanisms. A simple inquiry into arterial morphology shows the opposite is true. The normal multi-layer cellular organization of the tunica intima is identical to that of diseased hyperplasia; it is the standard arterial system design in all placentals at least as large as rabbits, including humans. Formed initially as one-layer endothelium lining, this phenotype can either be maintained or differentiate into a normal multi-layer cellular lining, so striking in its resemblance to diseased hyperplasia that we have to name it "benign intimal hyperplasia". However, normal or "benign " intimal hyperplasia, although microscopically identical to pathology, is a controllable phenotype that rarely compromises blood supply. It is remarkable that each human heart has coronary arteries in which a single-layer endothelium differentiates earl

Secondary limonene endo-ozonide: A major product from gas-phase ozonolysis of R-(+)-limonene at ambient temperature

A 16 s old gas-phase ambient temperature and 1% relative humidity reaction mixture of ozone and R-limonene (ca. 1:10) was sampled on XAD-2 resin followed by pressurized liquid extraction with dichloromethane at ambient temperature. Low temperature on-column injection and gas chromatography (GC) revealed equal amounts of diastereomeric secondary endo-limonene ozonides, in addition to 4-acetyl-l-methyl-cyclohexene (AMCH), 3-isopropyl-6-oxo-heptanal (IPOH), and endo-limonene mono-epoxides. The secondary endo-limonene ozonides began to decrease at extraction temperature above 150 degrees C and were absent at 200 degrees C. Their formation was unaffected by an increase of the relative humidity to 15%. The identification of the secondary limonene ozonides was confirmed by (1) unique consecutive losses of OH and H2O2, respectively, from the protonated quasi-molecular ion in GC-chemical ionization mass spectrometry mode (isobutane), in addition to high resolution mass determination of [M-OH] and [M-H2O2] ions in EI mode; (2) comparison of mass spectral data to that of synthesized secondary endo-limonene ozonides; and (3) oxidation of dimethyl sulfide to dimethyl sulfoxide and subsequent increase of IPOH