THE DIFFICULTY OF INFORMATION SOCIETY THEORIES CLASSIFICATION

Цель. Статья посвящена анализу наиболее популярных теорий информационного общества как результата рефлексии на информатизацию социума в течение XX–XXI вв. Актуальность темы заключается в увеличении важности роли информации в современном мире, в связи с чем возникает необходимость переосмысления взглядов ученого сообщества на процесс информатизации.Предметом исследования является эволюция информационных теорий. Авторы ставят целью выявить общие основания для систематизации данных теорий.Метод или методология проведения работы. Исследование проведено при помощи интерпретативного, феноменологического, герменевтического анализа.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в построении классификации теорий информационного общества по когнитивным основаниям, систематизированным по степени значимости информационного аспекта.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при изучении аспектов информатизации, социологии Интернета и социальных сетей. Статья может быть полезна для преподавателей, аспирантов и студентов, начинающих знакомство с проблемой идентификации современного общества.Purpose. The article is devoted to the analysis of the most popular theories of the information society as the result of reflection to the informatization process in XX–XXI centuries. The relevance of the topic depends on the importance of the information role in the modern world and raises the need to rethink the views of the scientific community about the process of informatization. The subject of research is the evolution of information theories. The authors aim to reveal common foundation for the systematization of these theories.Methodology. The basis of the research is the interpretative, phenomenological and hermeneutic types of analysis.Results. The results of the study consist in the classification of the information theories construction. The basis of this construction is cognitive grounds, classified according to the degree of importance of the information aspect. The article may be useful for lecturers, postgraduates and students in the process of acquaintance with the modern society identification problems.Practical implications. The results of the analysis can be applied in the studies of informatization processes, Internet sociology and social networks

Enriching a protein drink with leucine augments muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young and older men

Maximizing anabolic responses to feeding and exercise is crucial for muscle maintenance and adaptation to exercise training. We hypothesized that enriching a protein drink with leucine would improve anabolic responses to resistance exercise (RE: 6×8 knee-extension repetitions at 75% of 1-RM) in both young and older adults. Groups (n=9) of young (24±6 y, BMI 23±2kg.m-2) and older men (70±5 y, BMI 25±2 kg.m-2) were randomized to either: (i) RE followed by Slim-Fast Optima (SFO 10 g PRO; 24 g CHO) with 4.2 g of leucine (LEU) or, (ii) RE+SFO with 4.2 g of alanine (ALA; isonitrogenous control). Muscle biopsies were taken before, immediately after, and 1, 2 and 4 h after RE and feeding. Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) was measured by incorporation of [1, 2-13C2] leucine into myofibrillar proteins and the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 by immunoblotting. In young men, both area under the curve (AUC; FSR 0-4 h P<0.05) and peak FSR (0.11 vs. 0.08%.h.-1; P<0.05) were greater in the SFO+LEU than in the SFO+ALA group, after RE. Similarly, in older men, AUC analysis revealed that post-exercise anabolic responses were greater in the SFO+LEU than SFO+ALA group, after RE (AUC; FSR 0-4 h P<0.05). Irrespective of age, increases in p70S6K1 phosphorylation were evident in response to both SFO+LEU and SFO+ALA, although greater with leucine supplementation than alanine (fold-change 2.2 vs. 3.2; P<0.05), specifically in the older men. We conclude that addition of Leucine to a sub-maximal PRO bolus improves anabolic responses to RE in young and older men

Personalized Risk Assessment for Prevention and Early Detection of Breast Cancer: Integration and Implementation (PERSPECTIVE I&I).

Early detection of breast cancer through screening reduces breast cancer mortality. The benefits of screening must also be considered within the context of potential harms (e.g., false positives, overdiagnosis). Furthermore, while breast cancer risk is highly variable within the population, most screening programs use age to determine eligibility. A risk-based approach is expected to improve the benefit-harm ratio of breast cancer screening programs. The PERSPECTIVE I&I (Personalized Risk Assessment for Prevention and Early Detection of Breast Cancer: Integration and Implementation) project seeks to improve personalized risk assessment to allow for a cost-effective, population-based approach to risk-based screening and determine best practices for implementation in Canada. This commentary describes the four inter-related activities that comprise the PERSPECTIVE I&I project. 1: Identification and validation of novel moderate to high-risk susceptibility genes. 2: Improvement, validation, and adaptation of a risk prediction web-tool for the Canadian context. 3: Development and piloting of a socio-ethical framework to support implementation of risk-based breast cancer screening. 4: Economic analysis to optimize the implementation of risk-based screening. Risk-based screening and prevention is expected to benefit all women, empowering them to work with their healthcare provider to make informed decisions about screening and prevention

GIT2 Acts as a Potential Keystone Protein in Functional Hypothalamic Networks Associated with Age-Related Phenotypic Changes in Rats

The aging process affects every tissue in the body and represents one of the most complicated and highly integrated inevitable physiological entities. The maintenance of good health during the aging process likely relies upon the coherent regulation of hormonal and neuronal communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. Evidence has demonstrated that the optimal regulation of energy usage in both these systems facilitates healthy aging. However, the proteomic effects of aging in regions of the brain vital for integrating energy balance and neuronal activity are not well understood. The hypothalamus is one of the main structures in the body responsible for sustaining an efficient interaction between energy balance and neurological activity. Therefore, a greater understanding of the effects of aging in the hypothalamus may reveal important aspects of overall organismal aging and may potentially reveal the most crucial protein factors supporting this vital signaling integration. In this study, we examined alterations in protein expression in the hypothalami of young, middle-aged, and old rats. Using novel combinatorial bioinformatics analyses, we were able to gain a better understanding of the proteomic and phenotypic changes that occur during the aging process and have potentially identified the G protein-coupled receptor/cytoskeletal-associated protein GIT2 as a vital integrator and modulator of the normal aging process

Updated Guidance Regarding The Risk ofAllergic Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines and Recommended Evaluation and Management: A GRADE Assessment, and International Consensus Approach

This guidance updates 2021 GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) recommendations regarding immediate allergic reactions following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and addresses revaccinating individuals with first-dose allergic reactions and allergy testing to determine revaccination outcomes. Recent meta-analyses assessed the incidence of severe allergic reactions to initial COVID-19 vaccination, risk of mRNA-COVID-19 revaccination after an initial reaction, and diagnostic accuracy of COVID-19 vaccine and vaccine excipient testing in predicting reactions. GRADE methods informed rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendations. A modified Delphi panel consisting of experts in allergy, anaphylaxis, vaccinology, infectious diseases, emergency medicine, and primary care from Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States formed the recommendations. We recommend vaccination for persons without COVID-19 vaccine excipient allergy and revaccination after a prior immediate allergic reaction. We suggest against \u3e 15-minute postvaccination observation. We recommend against mRNA vaccine or excipient skin testing to predict outcomes. We suggest revaccination of persons with an immediate allergic reaction to the mRNA vaccine or excipients be performed by a person with vaccine allergy expertise in a properly equipped setting. We suggest against premedication, split-dosing, or special precautions because of a comorbid allergic history

Case Reports1. A Late Presentation of Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: Beware of TGFβ Receptor Mutations in Benign Joint Hypermobility

Background: Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) and dissections are not uncommon causes of sudden death in young adults. Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare, recently described, autosomal dominant, connective tissue disease characterized by aggressive arterial aneurysms, resulting from mutations in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor genes TGFBR1 and TGFBR2. Mean age at death is 26.1 years, most often due to aortic dissection. We report an unusually late presentation of LDS, diagnosed following elective surgery in a female with a long history of joint hypermobility. Methods: A 51-year-old Caucasian lady complained of chest pain and headache following a dural leak from spinal anaesthesia for an elective ankle arthroscopy. CT scan and echocardiography demonstrated a dilated aortic root and significant aortic regurgitation. MRA demonstrated aortic tortuosity, an infrarenal aortic aneurysm and aneurysms in the left renal and right internal mammary arteries. She underwent aortic root repair and aortic valve replacement. She had a background of long-standing joint pains secondary to hypermobility, easy bruising, unusual fracture susceptibility and mild bronchiectasis. She had one healthy child age 32, after which she suffered a uterine prolapse. Examination revealed mild Marfanoid features. Uvula, skin and ophthalmological examination was normal. Results: Fibrillin-1 testing for Marfan syndrome (MFS) was negative. Detection of a c.1270G > C (p.Gly424Arg) TGFBR2 mutation confirmed the diagnosis of LDS. Losartan was started for vascular protection. Conclusions: LDS is a severe inherited vasculopathy that usually presents in childhood. It is characterized by aortic root dilatation and ascending aneurysms. There is a higher risk of aortic dissection compared with MFS. Clinical features overlap with MFS and Ehlers Danlos syndrome Type IV, but differentiating dysmorphogenic features include ocular hypertelorism, bifid uvula and cleft palate. Echocardiography and MRA or CT scanning from head to pelvis is recommended to establish the extent of vascular involvement. Management involves early surgical intervention, including early valve-sparing aortic root replacement, genetic counselling and close monitoring in pregnancy. Despite being caused by loss of function mutations in either TGFβ receptor, paradoxical activation of TGFβ signalling is seen, suggesting that TGFβ antagonism may confer disease modifying effects similar to those observed in MFS. TGFβ antagonism can be achieved with angiotensin antagonists, such as Losartan, which is able to delay aortic aneurysm development in preclinical models and in patients with MFS. Our case emphasizes the importance of timely recognition of vasculopathy syndromes in patients with hypermobility and the need for early surgical intervention. It also highlights their heterogeneity and the potential for late presentation. Disclosures: The authors have declared no conflicts of interes

VISUAL PERCEPTION IN MODERN SOCIETY, OR WHITHER THE GUTENBERG GALAXY?

Целью статьи является исследование трансформаций способа восприятия информации в современном западном обществе. По мере развития человеческой цивилизации, возникновения письменности, а позже и печатного станка, человеческое восприятие мира изменялось от чувственного к рациональному. В своей книге «Галактика Гуттенберга. Сотворение человека печатной культуры» известный философ и филолог М. Маклюен предположил, что с приходом электрического века радио и телевидения эпоха печатной культуры завершится, и человечество снова вернется к аудиальному способу восприятия, который был распространен до изобретения печатного станка. Ученый также предположил, что благодаря современным СМИ человечество превратиться в «глобальную деревню», что также будет в большей степени соответствовать способу познания мира нашими предками. Книга была издана в 1962 году, до появления Интернета и формирования информационного общества.Цель данной статьи – проанализировать эволюцию изменений в способе восприятия информации человеком на протяжении последнего тысячелетия и сопоставить исследование Маклюена с современным состоянием западного общества. В статье также рассматриваются психологические склонности каждого человека к восприятию информации посредством разных органов чувств, прежде всего, зрения, слуха либо осязания. Подчеркивается разница в восприятии у разных культур и народов и особенности их языка и письменности.Исследование проводилось методом исторического анализа, результаты которого позволяют сделать вывод о том, что современное информационное общество соответствует основным характеристикам «глобальной деревни», описанной Маклюеном, но способ восприятия информации остается строго визуальным с определенным смещением от текста к изображению («клиповое мышление»). Возврат к аудиальным каналам по причине распространения радио и телевидения не оправдался, а визуальный канал значительно трансформировался и расширился. Главная причина таких изменений состоит в увеличении информационных потоков и преобразовании самого человека в канал информационной сети.The article dedicated to the ways of perceiving information in western societies and its changes over the centuries. During our civilization development human perceiving was transforming from sensitive to rational. The main reasons of that were the emergence of writing and the invention of the printing press. In his book «The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man», a famous philosopher and philologist M. McLuhan suggested that electric century of radio and TV will cause the end of the era of print culture, and humanity will return to auditory perception, which was distributed before the invention of the printing press. He also suggested that human civilization will turn to «a global village». The book was published in 1962, before the Internet and information society emergence.This article purpose is to analyze the evolution of ways of human realty perception and compare the M. McLuhan’sstudy with the current state of Western society.There’s also the description of psychological propensity of each individual to perceive information through different sensesgiven in this article. First of all, it is visual, audial perception or sense of touch. Moreover, the difference of the perception in different cultures is emphasized.The study was conducted by the method of historical analysis. The results allow concluding that modern society corresponds with the essential characteristics of a «global village», described by M. McLuhan. On the other hand, the way of perceivinginformation remains strictly visual with a certain offset from the text to the image (the»video thinking»).The visual perceiving has greatly transformed and expanded. The main reason of these changes is the increasing of informativevolumes and the transformation of the individual into the channel in information network