Spray application methods to maximize Sclerotinia control in canola with foliar fungicide

Non-Peer ReviewedVinclozolin (Ronilan) and benomyl (Benlate) fungicides were applied to canola with 5 application methods to determine the impact of nozzle type and pressure on Sclerotinia stem rot suppression over 3 seasons in north-east Saskatchewan. A spray deposition study was conducted under controlled conditions, which showed that the majority of spray was intercepted by the top third of the canola canopy for all application systems, with a slight increase in the amount deposited on the upper flowers with elevated spray pressure. Flowers and buds retained nearly 20% of the total applied spray dose, and leaves retained most of the remainder. Stems retained a very minor proportion of the applied dose. Coarser sprays delivered more of their dose in the target area, but had lower retention values on flowers and buds than the finer sprays. In field experiments fungicide effectiveness varied with environmental conditions each season but both products were generally equally effective in 1998 and 2000, reducing stem rot incidence and increasing yield over that of untreated plots. In 1999 neither fungicide was effective for Sclerotinia control likely due to the prevailing environment that was conducive to heavy disease development. Overall, conventional flat fan nozzles (TeeJet XR) and low-drift venturi nozzles (Greenleaf TurboDrop) were equally effective at reducing stem rot incidence. There was a trend to improved stem rot control and increased yield for each nozzle when operated at elevated pressure. Based on these results, venturi nozzle technology is appropriate for use with foliar fungicides for Sclerotinia stem rot control in canola provided pressures are adjusted to optimize nozzle performance

Exponential Lower Bounds for Polytopes in Combinatorial Optimization

We solve a 20-year old problem posed by Yannakakis and prove that there exists no polynomial-size linear program (LP) whose associated polytope projects to the traveling salesman polytope, even if the LP is not required to be symmetric. Moreover, we prove that this holds also for the cut polytope and the stable set polytope. These results were discovered through a new connection that we make between one-way quantum communication protocols and semidefinite programming reformulations of LPs

Demonstration of a Transportable 1 Hz-Linewidth Laser

We present the setup and test of a transportable clock laser at 698 nm for a strontium lattice clock. A master-slave diode laser system is stabilized to a rigidly mounted optical reference cavity. The setup was transported by truck over 400 km from Braunschweig to D\"usseldorf, where the cavity-stabilized laser was compared to a stationary clock laser for the interrogation of ytterbium (578 nm). Only minor realignments were necessary after the transport. The lasers were compared by a Ti:Sapphire frequency comb used as a transfer oscillator. The thus generated virtual beat showed a combined linewidth below 1 Hz (at 1156 nm). The transport back to Braunschweig did not degrade the laser performance, as was shown by interrogating the strontium clock transition.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure

Estimation of Hydrodynamical Model Parameters from the Invariant Spectrum and the Bose-Einstein Correlations of pi-mesons Produced in (pi+/K+)p Interactions at 250 GeV/c

The invariant spectra of pi- mesons produced in (pi+/K+)p interactions at 250 GeV/c are analysed in the framework of the hydrodynamical model of three-dimensionally expanding cylindrically symmetric finite systems. A satisfactory description of experimental data is achieved. The data favour the pattern according to which the hadron matter undergoes predominantly longitudinal expansion and non-relativistic transverse expansion with mean transverse velocity = 0.20(7), and is characterized by a large temperature inhomogeneity in the transverse direction: the extracted freeze-out temperature at the center of the tube and at the transverse rms radius are 140(3) MeV and 82(7) MeV, respectively. The width of the (longitudinal) space-time rapidity distribution of the pion source is found to be Delta eta = 1.36(2). Combining this estimate with results of the Bose-Einstein correlation analysis in the same experiment, one extracts a mean freeze-out time of the source of = 1.4(1) fm/c and its transverse geometrical rms radius, R_G (rms)=1.2(2) fm.Comment: latex, 14 pages, 5 figure

Neutral Pions and Eta Mesons as Probes of the Hadronic Fireball in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions around 1A GeV

Chemical and thermal freeze-out of the hadronic fireball formed in symmetric collisions of light, intermediate-mass, and heavy nuclei at beam energies between 0.8A GeV and 2.0A GeV are discussed in terms of an equilibrated, isospin-symmetric ideal hadron gas with grand-canonical baryon-number conservation. For each collision system the baryochemical potential mu_B and the chemical freeze-out temperature T_c are deduced from the inclusive neutral pion and eta yields which are augmented by interpolated data on deuteron production. With increasing beam energy mu_B drops from 800 MeV to 650 MeV, while T_c rises from 55 MeV to 90 MeV. For given beam energy mu_B grows with system size, whereas T_c remains constant. The centrality dependence of the freeze-out parameters is weak as exemplified by the system Au+Au at 0.8A GeV. For the highest beam energies the fraction of nucleons excited to resonance states reaches freeze-out values of nearly 15 %, suggesting resonance densities close to normal nuclear density at maximum compression. In contrast to the particle yields, which convey the status at chemical freeze-out, the shapes of the related transverse-mass spectra do reflect thermal freeze-out. The observed thermal freeze-out temperatures T_th are equal to or slightly lower than T_c, indicative of nearly simultaneous chemical and thermal freeze-out.Comment: 42 pages, 12 figure

A geometric approach to time evolution operators of Lie quantum systems

Lie systems in Quantum Mechanics are studied from a geometric point of view. In particular, we develop methods to obtain time evolution operators of time-dependent Schrodinger equations of Lie type and we show how these methods explain certain ad hoc methods used in previous papers in order to obtain exact solutions. Finally, several instances of time-dependent quadratic Hamiltonian are solved.Comment: Accepted for publication in the International Journal of Theoretical Physic

Large Self-affine fractality in \p^+p and K+^+p collisions at 250 GeV/cc

Taking into account the anisotropy of phase space in multiparticle production, a self-affine analysis of factorial moments was carried out on the NA22 data for \p^+\Pp and \PK^+\Pp collisions at 250 GeV/$c$. Within the transverse plane, the Hurst exponents measuring the anisotropy are consistent with unit value (i.e. no anisotropy). They are, however, only half that value when the longitudinal direction is compared to the transverse ones. Fractality, indeed, turns out to be self-affine rather than self-similar in multiparticle production. In three-dimensional phase space, power-law scaling is observed to be better realized in self-affine than in self-similar analysis.Comment: 10 pages and 4 figure

Nonequilibrium Transport through a Kondo Dot in a Magnetic Field: Perturbation Theory

Using nonequilibrium perturbation theory, we investigate the nonlinear transport through a quantum dot in the Kondo regime in the presence of a magnetic field. We calculate the leading logarithmic corrections to the local magnetization and the differential conductance, which are characteristic of the Kondo effect out of equilibrium. By solving a quantum Boltzmann equation, we determine the nonequilibrium magnetization on the dot and show that the application of both a finite bias voltage and a magnetic field induces a novel structure of logarithmic corrections not present in equilibrium. These corrections lead to more pronounced features in the conductance, and their form calls for a modification of the perturbative renormalization group.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure

Estimation of hydrodynamical model parameters from the invariant spectrum and the Bose-Einstein correlations of π\pi-mesons produced in (π+/K+)p\pi^{+}/K^{+})p interactions at 250 GeV/c

The invariant spectra of pi- mesons produced in (pi+/K+)p interactions at 250 GeV/c are analysed in the framework of the hydrodynamical model of three-dimensionally expanding cylindrically symmetric finite systems. A satisfactory description of experimental data is achieved. The data favour the pattern according to which the hadron matter undergoes predominantly longitudinal expansion and non-relativistic transverse expansion with mean transverse velocity = 0.20(7), and is characterized by a large temperature inhomogeneity in the transverse direction: the extracted freeze-out temperature at the center of the tube and at the transverse rms radius are 140(3) MeV and 82(7) MeV, respectively. The width of the (longitudinal) space-time rapidity distribution of the pion source is found to be Delta eta = 1.36(2). Combining this estimate with results of the Bose-Einstein correlation analysis in the same experiment, one extracts a mean freeze-out time of the source of = 1.4(1) fm/c and its transverse geometrical rms radius, R_G (rms)=1.2(2) fm.The invariant spectra of pi- mesons produced in (pi+/K+)p interactions at 250 GeV/c are analysed in the framework of the hydrodynamical model of three-dimensionally expanding cylindrically symmetric finite systems. A satisfactory description of experimental data is achieved. The data favour the pattern according to which the hadron matter undergoes predominantly longitudinal expansion and non-relativistic transverse expansion with mean transverse velocity = 0.20(7), and is characterized by a large temperature inhomogeneity in the transverse direction: the extracted freeze-out temperature at the center of the tube and at the transverse rms radius are 140(3) MeV and 82(7) MeV, respectively. The width of the (longitudinal) space-time rapidity distribution of the pion source is found to be Delta eta = 1.36(2). Combining this estimate with results of the Bose-Einstein correlation analysis in the same experiment, one extracts a mean freeze-out time of the source of = 1.4(1) fm/c and its transverse geometrical rms radius, R_G (rms)=1.2(2) fm