The comparison of the results of laser scanning and classical surveying methods of measuring the area and volume in the chapel of St. Kinga in the salt mine of Bochnia

Providing a long durability of the historic salt mine of Bochnia demands proper observations, analyses and drawing conclusions based on them and leading to recognising and the assessment of a specific behaviour of the rock mass and the effectiveness of the protection from mining damage. The studies of the rock mass and surface deformation are carried out by the mine based on the results of the observations made with the methods of surveying. These observations include, among others, the measurements of the height of benchmarks stabilized on the surface and rock mass, the measurements of linear convergence (on the established vertical and horizontal bases in selected chambers of the mine); and since 2003 the attempts have been made to apply total stations and laser scanners to document the selected chambers. The article presents test studies on laser scanning carried out in the chapel of St. Kinga in the Bochnia Salt Mine in 2007 and 2013 (Fig. 1). They showed high accuracy of the scanning method both in the positioning of points of the salt excavation, in modelling, as well as calculation of the area of any cross-section (Fig. 2) and the volume of chambers of complicated shapes (Fig. 3). The carried out accuracy studies, analyses and comparisons were used in the calculation of the area convergence for the chapel of St. Kinga in the Bochnia Salt Mine. They make base for the calculation of volume do convergence in the near future

Equipment used for incorporating herbicides

In the region of Siesławice (near Busko-Zdrój, Poland) there are unique phenomena of gypsum karst. Atmospheric factors caused numerous gypsum outcrops, canals and underground voids. The article presents the possibility of using non-invasive gravimetric surveys supplemented with geodetic measurements to illustrate karst changes occurring around the void. The use of modern geodetic measurement techniques including terrestrial and airborne laser scanning enables to generate a digital terrain model and a three-dimensional model of voids. Gravimetric field studies allowed to map the anomalies of the gravitational field of the near-surface zone. Geodetic measurement results have made it possible to accurately determine the terrain correction that supplemented the gravimetric anomaly information. Geophysical interpretation indicate the presence of weathered rocks in the near surface zone and fractures and loosened zones located surround the karst cave

Integration of 2D and TLS data using GIS to create a database for the Paphos Agora Project

Excavations in the Nea Paphos Hellenistic-Roman agora have been conducted by the Chair of Classical Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University of Krakow since 2011 under the direction of Professor E. Papuci-Władyka. The main goal of the excavation is to fully uncover the Agora and to reconstruct the ways in which this public space was used. One of the methodological goals set for the research was the creation of a state-of-the-art database (work on which began in 2013) that could import and adapt data obtained from modern equipment. Of equal importance was the implementation of a 3D-format within the database (this had been under discussion for over a decade) and the enabling of GIS software data integration. Faro Focus laser scanner data was chosen to form the graphical core as it fulfilled the most important visual documentation criteria for the Paphos Agora Project database. This article presents the main premises on which the new Nea Paphos Hellenistic-Roman Agora Project database is based (on the integration of 3D and 2D data from 2011–2014) and the different stages of its creation, which made use of the latest methods of developing such tools for the purposes of archaeological excavations

Classical Measurement Methods and Laser Scanning Usage in Shaft Hoist Assembly Inventory

The shaft hoist assembly is the base of underground mining plant. Its efficiency and correct operation is subject to restrictive legal regulations and is controlled on a daily visual assessment by shaft crew and energomechanics. In addition, in the regular interval, the shaft hoist assembly is subject to a thorough inventory, which includes the determination of the geometrical relationships between the hoisting machine, the headframe and the shaft with its housing. Inventory measurements for shaft and headframe are used for years of conventional geodetic methods including mechanical or laser plumbing and tachymetric surveys. Additional precision levelling is also used for measuring shafts of hoisting machines and rope pulleys. Continuous modernization of measuring technology makes it possible to implement the further methods to the above mentioned purposes. The comparison of the accuracy and the economics of performing measurements based on many years of experience with comprehensive inventory of shaft hoist assembly using various research techniques was made and detailed in the article

Classical Measurement Methods and Laser Scanning Usage in Shaft Hoist Assembly Inventory

The shaft hoist assembly is the base of underground mining plant. Its efficiency and correct operation is subject to restrictive legal regulations and is controlled on a daily visual assessment by shaft crew and energomechanics. In addition, in the regular interval, the shaft hoist assembly is subject to a thorough inventory, which includes the determination of the geometrical relationships between the hoisting machine, the headframe and the shaft with its housing. Inventory measurements for shaft and headframe are used for years of conventional geodetic methods including mechanical or laser plumbing and tachymetric surveys. Additional precision levelling is also used for measuring shafts of hoisting machines and rope pulleys. Continuous modernization of measuring technology makes it possible to implement the further methods to the above mentioned purposes. The comparison of the accuracy and the economics of performing measurements based on many years of experience with comprehensive inventory of shaft hoist assembly using various research techniques was made and detailed in the article

UAV Applications for Determination of Land Deformations Caused by Underground Mining

This article presents a case study that demonstrates the applicability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetric data to land surface deformation monitoring in areas affected by underground mining. The results presented include data from two objects located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland. The limits of coordinate and displacement accuracy are determined by comparing UAV-derived photogrammetric products to reference data. Vertical displacements are determined based on differences between digital surface models created using UAV imagery from several measurement series. Interpretation problems related to vegetation growth on the terrain surface that significantly affect vertical displacement error are pointed out. Horizontal displacements are determined based on points of observation lines established in the field for monitoring purposes, as well as based on scattered situational details. The use of this type of processing is limited by the need for unambiguous situational details with clear contours. Such details are easy to find in urbanized areas but difficult to find in fields and meadows. In addition, various types of discontinuous deformations are detected and their development over time is presented. The results are compared to forecasted land deformations. As a result of the data processing, it has been estimated that the accuracy of the determination of XY coordinates and the horizontal displacements (RMS) in best case scenario is on the level of 1.5–2 GSD, and about 2–3 GSD for heights and subsidence