ANALYSIS OF THE LOCATION OF THE EXPLOSION ZONES UNDER MILITARY AIRPORT

This article is dedicated to logistics problems in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland. Considering Polish membership in NATO and the requirements resulting from that fact, the authors of this article focused on one of the most important issues of contemporary military logistics system, i.e. warehouse facilities. Since there are three categories of possible scenario for current military actions (the country's defences, stabilization missions and internal security), they paid particular attention to the aspect of location of warehouses where military hazardous explosive materials are stored. Pursuant to legal requirements they are listed to the ARD classification. Based on regulations being in force in Poland, the authors presented the importance of designating the security zones for a model embanked object situated in the neighbourhood of civil buildings. For this object, impact zones, including changes in landform feature, were presented

Factors influencing troponin T concentration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is strongly associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, however the relation between OSAS severity and troponin T (TnT) remain unclear.Material and methods. Diagnosis and assessment of OSAS severity was based on non-supervised, overnight screening polysomnography (PSG) performed without an adaptation night. The study group consisted of 72 patients diagnosed with OSAS (including 31 with mild, 10 with moderate and 31 patients with severe OSAS), whereas the control group contained 16 individuals. PSG was performed with equipment fulfilling the criteria of type III diagnostic devices according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Results. Revealed significant differences in troponin T levels between patients with severe OSAS and controls (p = 0.02) as well as in patients with severe and with mild OSAS (p = 0.04). The factors substantially affecting TnT concentrations were found to be apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), apnea index (AI), hypopnea index (HI) and minimum nocturnal saturation.Conclusions. The relationship between sleep apnea syndrome and the level of serum TnT confirms that OSAS predisposes to myocardial damage in a manner dependent on the severity of sleep apnea. The increase in troponin level is mainly associated with AHI and minimum nocturnal saturation. This suggests that early treatment of OSAS patients may protect against myocardial injury.Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is strongly associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, however the relation between OSAS severity and troponin T (TnT) remain unclear.Material and methods. Diagnosis and assessment of OSAS severity was based on non-supervised, overnight screening polysomnography (PSG) performed without an adaptation night. The study group consisted of 72 patients diagnosed with OSAS (including 31 with mild, 10 with moderate and 31 patients with severe OSAS), whereas the control group contained 16 individuals. PSG was performed with equipment fulfilling the criteria of type III diagnostic devices according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Results. Revealed significant differences in troponin T levels between patients with severe OSAS and controls (p = 0.02) as well as in patients with severe and with mild OSAS (p = 0.04). The factors substantially affecting TnT concentrations were found to be apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), apnea index (AI), hypopnea index (HI) and minimum nocturnal saturation.Conclusions. The relationship between sleep apnea syndrome and the level of serum TnT confirms that OSAS predisposes to myocardial damage in a manner dependent on the severity of sleep apnea. The increase in troponin level is mainly associated with AHI and minimum nocturnal saturation. This suggests that early treatment of OSAS patients may protect against myocardial injury

Submarine Resistance Force Characteristics Determination After Modification of Depth Rudder System

A submarine, as a technical object, has many systems which are necessary for operation. In addition to the weapon systems, there are many systems required for the safe operation under the water. The submarine steering system is one of them. The article presents the principle of operation and the modification concept of the stern rudders of the project 207 (Kobben class) submarine. On the basis of measurements, the resistance force characteristics were determined. A calculation model was proposed using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) techniques to determine the resistance force characteristics during the design stage. Then, the measured resistance force characteristics were used to verify the calculation model. Using the proposed method, the resistance force characteristics for an existing submarine were determined, and then its modification was proposed. The simulation results for the modified rudder design allowed determining the reduction of the ship resistance force for the new solution. Lower resistance force means lower demand for electrical power in the engine room, which consequently affects the operational safety by increasing maneuverability and improving the immersion curve. The proposed modification enables to reduce the power consumption by about 8 kW and reduced the resistance force by 2%, which increased the ship’s autonomy

Nitrogen-Doped Carbons Derived from Imidazole-Based Cross-Linked Porous Organic Polymers

Nitrogen-doped and heteroatom multi-doped carbon materials are considered excellent metal-free catalysts, superior catalyst supports for transition metal particles and single metal atoms (single-atom catalysts), as well as efficient sorbents for gas- and liquid-phase substances. Acid-catalyzed sol–gel polycondensation of hydroxybenzenes with heterocyclic aldehydes yields cross-linked thermosetting resins in the form of porous organic polymers (i.e., organic gels). Depending on the utilized hydroxybenzene (e.g., phenol, resorcinol, phloroglucinol, etc.) and heterocyclic aldehyde variety of heteroatom-doped organic polymers can be produced. Upon pyrolysis, highly porous and heteroatom-doped carbons are obtained. Herein, polycondensation of phloroglucinol with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (and other, similar heterocyclic aldehydes with two heteroatoms in the aromatic ring) is utilized to obtain porous, N-doped organic and carbon gels with N-content of up to 16.5 and 12 wt.%, respectively. Utilization of a heterocyclic aldehyde with two different heteroatoms yields dually-doped carbon materials. Upon pyrolysis, the porous polymers yield ultramicroporous N-doped and N,S co-doped carbons with specific surface areas of up to 800 m2g−1. The influence of the initial composition of reactants and the pyrolysis temperature on the structure and chemical composition of the final doped organic and carbon materials is studied in detail

Nitrogen-Doped Carbons Derived from Imidazole-Based Cross-Linked Porous Organic Polymers

Nitrogen-doped and heteroatom multi-doped carbon materials are considered excellent metal-free catalysts, superior catalyst supports for transition metal particles and single metal atoms (single-atom catalysts), as well as efficient sorbents for gas- and liquid-phase substances. Acid-catalyzed sol–gel polycondensation of hydroxybenzenes with heterocyclic aldehydes yields cross-linked thermosetting resins in the form of porous organic polymers (i.e., organic gels). Depending on the utilized hydroxybenzene (e.g., phenol, resorcinol, phloroglucinol, etc.) and heterocyclic aldehyde variety of heteroatom-doped organic polymers can be produced. Upon pyrolysis, highly porous and heteroatom-doped carbons are obtained. Herein, polycondensation of phloroglucinol with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (and other, similar heterocyclic aldehydes with two heteroatoms in the aromatic ring) is utilized to obtain porous, N-doped organic and carbon gels with N-content of up to 16.5 and 12 wt.%, respectively. Utilization of a heterocyclic aldehyde with two different heteroatoms yields dually-doped carbon materials. Upon pyrolysis, the porous polymers yield ultramicroporous N-doped and N,S co-doped carbons with specific surface areas of up to 800 m2g−1. The influence of the initial composition of reactants and the pyrolysis temperature on the structure and chemical composition of the final doped organic and carbon materials is studied in detail

Determination of material characteristics necessary for modelling of marine structures exposed to small-calibre bullet

The article presents the results of tests of impact properties of steel 1.3964 used on the construction of modern mine destroyers. Ships of this type, like any other military unit, may be exposed to small-calibre projectiles. Firing can be done, for example, from aircraft, drones or pirate units. The thickness of the plates used in the ship’s construction does not guarantee effective resistance to the projectile calibre 7.62 mm for all compartments of such ships. Thus, it is possible to modify the existing structure or apply additional solutions that will ensure a certain level of ballistic resistance. Solutions of this type are necessary in order to maintain the stability and buoyancy of the ship at the current level. During the tests, a stress-strain curve for steel 1.3964 was obtained, then the Johnson-Cook plasticity and damage model was proposed, which was used in the FEM simulation. The task was modelled as non-linear considering the deformation of both the sample and the projectile. The simulation was prepared in the CAE program, and then verified by an experiment on the shooting range. The results were presented in the form of diagrams and deformation figures, and were compared with photographs of samples and velocities after the specimen

Technical Aspect Concerning Vessels Halt Safety Upon Terrorist Hazard

The article presented and analysed the reliability of water barriers as one of the methods of securing naval technical facilities against the terrorist attacks (motorboats with explosive materials) from the sea. Water tests of FOXX barriers were described as a means of protection against such a threat. The reliability of the barrier was modelled and simulated with the use of Finite Element Method (FEM)

Serum Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis from the Lublin Region in Eastern Poland

According to the WHO report, alcohol is the third most significant health risk factor for the global population. There are contrary reports about heavy metals concentrations in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to investigate serum concentrations of selected heavy metals in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis living in the eastern part of Poland according to cirrhosis stage. The participants came from various hospitals of the Lublin region were enrolled. The study group included 46 male and 16 female patients. The control group consisted of 18 healthy individuals without liver disease. High Performance Ion Chromatography was used to determine the concentrations of metal ions (Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, and Pb) in serum samples. The concentrations of copper, zinc, nickel, and cobalt were found to be significantly lower in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis compared to the control group. The serum concentration of cadmium was significantly higher in patients with advanced alcoholic liver cirrhosis compared to the control group. We hypothesize that disorders of metabolism of heavy metals seem to be the outcome of impaired digestion and absorption, which are common in cirrhosis, improper diet, environmental and occupational exposure

Proinflammatory Cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6) and Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis

Background. The aim of the study was to assess the activity of interleukin-1α, interleukin-6, and hepatocyte growth factor protein (HGF) in serum of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Materials and Methods. Sixty patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis treated in various hospitals were randomly enrolled. The stage of cirrhosis was assessed according to the Child-Turcotte-Pugh scoring system. The control group consisted of ten healthy persons without liver disease, who did not drink alcohol. Additionally, the group of alcoholics without liver cirrhosis was included in the study. The activity of interleukin-1α, interleukin-6, and HGF in blood plasma of patients and controls was measured using the sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique with commercially available quantitative ELISA test kits. Results. Higher concentrations of HGF protein were demonstrated in patients with Child class B and Child class C liver cirrhosis, compared to controls and alcoholics without liver cirrhosis. Moreover, significantly higher concentrations of HGF protein were found in patients with Child class C liver cirrhosis compared to patients with Child class A liver cirrhosis p<0.05. The concentrations of interleukin-1α in patients with Child class B and Child class C liver cirrhosis were significantly higher in comparison with controls. Significantly higher concentrations of interleukin-6 were demonstrated in Child class C, compared to Child class A

Arthroscopic Latarjet Procedure with 2-Screw Stabilization: Results of Treatment of 156 Cases with a Minimum of 2-Year Follow-Up. Multicenter Study

Wstęp. Artroskopowe leczenie operacyjne niestabilności stawu ramiennego wiąże się z dużym odsetkiem opisywanych nawrotów- od 10,8% do 21,1%. Nawroty występują najczęściej u młodych mężczyzn uprawiających sporty kontaktowe. Ubytki kostne głowy kości ramiennej i panewki, predysponują do kolejnych zwichnięć i do niepowodzenia leczenia chirurgicznego. Jest to grupa, w której zabiegi „kostne”, takie jak artroskopowa procedura Latarjet a priori, mogą zminimalizować ryzyko nawrotu niestabilności. Materiał i metody. Do badania włączono pacjentów z urazową, jednokierunkową niestabilnością przednią stawu ramiennego, leczonych od 2009 do 2016 roku w dwóch ośrodkach artroskopową metodą Latarjet. Oceniono wyniki kliniczne, w tym zakres ruchu, Subiektywną Ocenę Stawu Ramiennego i punktację w skali Walch-Duplay. Odnotowano powikłania pooperacyjne. Wyniki. Ocenie poddano 156 pacjentów w okresie co najmniej 2 lata po operacji. Średni czas obserwacji wyniósł 43±18 miesięcy. Średni wiek pacjentów w momencie operacji wynosił 27,9 (16-53) lat. Odnotowano 8 (5%) przypadków nawrotu niestabilności, w tym 6 zwichnięć i dwa przypadki nawracającego podwichnięcia operowanego stawu. Średnia punktacja Walch-Duplay wzrosła z 30±19 przed operacją do 83±16 (p&lt;0,05). Średnia utratę rotacji zewnętrznej wynosiła 11,8⁰ (0-70) (p&lt;0,05) w porównaniu ze stawem ramiennym po stronie przeciwnej. Średnia Subiektywna Ocena Stawu Ramiennego wyniosła 92,8±9,4%. Dwudziestu pięciu (15,8%) pacjentów zgłaszało subiektywną obawę przed powrotem do sportu. Jedenastu (7%) pacjentów odczuwało ból przedniego przedziału operowanego barku. Liczba operacji rewizyjnych wyniosła 14 (8,9%). Wnioski. 1. Artroskopowa procedura Latarjet zapewnia zadowalające wyniki kliniczne w leczeniu niestabilności przedniej stawu ramiennego. 2. Częstość powikłań i nawrotów nie wzrasta z czasem i jest porównywalna z wynikami opisanymi w piśmiennictwie.Background. Various arthroscopic stabilization procedures are associated with recurrence rates ranging from 10.8% to 21.1%. Recurrences occur especially in young male patients participating in contact sport activities. Bony defects of the humeral head and the glenoid predispose not only to subsequent dislocations but also to failure of surgical treatment. This is the group where &quot;bony&quot; procedures such as arthroscopic Latarjet are recommended to provide better stability as the primary treatment. Material and methods. Patients with traumatic unidirectional anterior shoulder instability treated from 2009 to 2016 with an arthroscopic Latarjet procedure operated on in two centres. Clinical results, including range of motion, Subjective Shoulder Value and Walch-Duplay score, and postpoperative complications were evaluated. Results. 158 patients were available for follow-up at a minimum of 2 years after surgery. The mean follow-up was 43±18 months. Mean age at the time of surgery was 27.9 (16-53) years. At final follow-up, 8 cases of recurrent instability were identified, including 6 cases of recurrent dislocation and two cases of recurrent subluxation. Mean Walch-Duplay score increased from 30±19 preoperatively to 83±16 (p&lt;0.05) at the last follow-up. An average loss of external rotation of 11.8⁰ (0-70) (p&lt;0.05) when compared with the contralateral shoulder was observed at the last follow-up. Mean Subjective Shoulder Value score was 92.8±9.4%. 8 (5%) patients presented with loss of shoulder stability. 25 (15.8%) patients reported subjective return to sport anxiety. Eleven (7%) patients complained of anterior compartment pain. The total number of revision surgeries was 14 (8.9%). Conclusions. 1. The arthroscopic Latarjet procedure can achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability 2. The rate of complications and recurrence does not increase with time and is comparable at a minimum of 2 years’ follow-up to early results described in literature