Vaccinia virus proteins A36 and F12/E2 show strong preferences for different kinesin light chain isoforms

Vaccinia virus (VACV) utilizes microtubule-mediated trafficking at several stages of its life cycle, of which virus egress is the most intensely studied. During egress VACV proteins A36, F12 and E2 are involved in kinesin-1 interactions; however, the roles of these proteins remain poorly understood. A36 forms a direct link between virions and kinesin-1, yet in its absence VACV egress still occurs on microtubules. During a co-immunoprecipitation screen to seek an alternative link between virions and kinesin, A36 was found to bind isoform KLC1 rather than KLC2. The F12/E2 complex associates preferentially with the C-terminal tail of KLC2, to a region that overlaps the binding site of cellular 14-3-3 proteins. F12/E2 displaces 14-3-3 from KLC and, unlike 14-3-3, does not require phosphorylation of KLC for its binding. The region determining the KLC1 specificity of A36 was mapped to the KLC N-terminal heptad repeat region that is responsible for its association with kinesin heavy chain. Despite these differing binding properties F12/E2 can co-operatively enhance A36 association with KLC, particularly when using a KLC1-KLC2 chimaera that resembles several KLC1 spliceforms and can bind A36 and F12/E2 efficiently. This is the first example of a pathogen encoding multiple proteins that co-operatively associate with kinesin-1.Medical Research Council (UK), Grant/Award number: G1000207; Wellcome Trust (UK), Grant/Award number: 090315

Supportiveness of the building edge of an urban public as a step towards place making

Urban public spaces are places where people tend to gather, socialize, and sometimes relax. Thus, it is a place where a multitude of functions can take place simultaneously, live' urban spaces make cities more lively and habitable. A "Building Edge" is one of the most important elements of an urban structure demarcating, as it does, a strong physical, social, as well as psychological boundary of an urban space, it is therefore, essential that the building edge be a lively place with a variety of activities. In other words, public urban spaces should be surrounded by various activities that are interconnected with each other. This is an important issue that has a direct impact on Architecture. A deeper study of the issue is, therefore, necessary in order to understand it more clearly. A 'place' is a creation of two predominant forces. They are, • The Physical component • The Social component The Physical components include form and shape, as well as Space; the ultimate result of combining form and shape. The Social component can be described as society and culture. By intertwining these two predominant forces, an idea of 'place' is created. Physical and Social components will become meaningful, only if man perceives and experiences it. The transformation of a 'space' (built fabric) in to a 'place' (man + built fabric) depends on man's response towards his built environment. Such response leads to 'place making' in a built environment. Hence, a basic framework was constructed, in order to study and understand man's response to a place. This research, under the topic, 'Supportiveness of the Building Edge of an Urban Public Space as a step towards place making', intends to study how the physical formation of a building edge in an open public space, leads to the creation of a socially and culturally vibran