รายงานการวิจัยการศึกษาการเสริมโคลีนและไบโอติน ผลต่อผลผลิตโคนม

2007-2008 Suranaree University of Technolog

Milk Yield, Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile in Dairy Cows Fed a High-concentrate Diet Blended with Oil Mixtures Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

To evaluate the effects of feeding linseed oil or/and sunflower oil mixed with fish oil on milk yield, milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profiles of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet, 24 crossbred primiparous lactating dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to a completely randomized design experiment. All cows were fed a high-concentrate basal diet and 0.38 kg dry matter (DM) molasses per day. Treatments were composed of a basal diet without oil supplement (Control), or diets of (DM basis) 3% linseed and fish oils (1:1, w/w, LSO-FO), or 3% sunflower and fish oils (1:1, w/w, SFO-FO), or 3% mixture (1:1:1, w/w) of linseed, sunflower, and fish oils (MIX-O). The animals fed SFO-FO had a 13.12% decrease in total dry matter intake compared with the control diet (p<0.05). No significant change was detected for milk yield; however, the animals fed the diet supplemented with SFO-FO showed a depressed milk fat yield and concentration by 35.42% and 27.20%, respectively, compared to those fed the control diet (p<0.05). Milk c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) proportion increased by 198.11% in the LSO-FO group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Milk C18:3n-3 (ALA) proportion was enhanced by 227.27% supplementing with LSO-FO relative to the control group (p<0.01). The proportions of milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in the cows fed LSO-FO (0.38%) and MIX-O (0.23%) compared to the control group (0.01%). Dietary inclusion of LSO-FO mainly increased milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), whereas feeding MIX-O improved preformed FA and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). While the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio was found in the LSO-FO, the decreased atherogenecity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI) seemed to be more extent in the MIX-O. Therefore, to maximize milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 PUFA and to minimize milk n-6/n-3 ratio, AI and TI, an ideal supplement would appear to be either LSO-FO or MIX-O

Performance, Carcass Quality and Fatty Acid Profile of Crossbred Wagyu Beef Steers Receiving Palm and/or Linseed Oil

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of palm and/or linseed oil (LSO) supplementation on carcass quality, sensory evaluation and fatty acid profile of beef from crossbred Wagyu beef steers. Twenty four fattening Wagyu crossbred beef steers (50% Wagyu), averaging 640±18 kg live weight (LW) and approximately 30 mo old, were stratified and randomly assigned in completely randomized design into 3 treatment groups. All steers were fed approximately 7 kg/d of 14% crude protein concentrate with ad libitum rice straw and had free access to clean water and were individually housed in a free-stall unit. The treatments were i) control concentrate plus 200 g/d of palm oil; ii) control concentrate plus 100 g/d of palm oil and 100 g/d of LSO, iii) control concentrate plus 200 g/d of LSO. This present study demonstrated that supplementation of LSO rich in C18:3n-3 did not influence feed intakes, LW changes, carcass and muscle characteristics, sensory and physical properties. LSO increased C18:3n-3, C22:6n-3, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), however, it decreased C18:1t-11, C18:2n-6, cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acids, n-6 PUFA and n-6:n-3 ratio in Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranosus muscles

Fresh cassava peel in dairy cattle diet: Effects on milk production, hygienic quality of raw milk and somatic cell counts

Hydrogen cyanide in cassava, which is a cyanogenic plant, was reported to be transformed into the non-toxic thiocyanate (SCN- ) in cows and is partly eliminated via the milk. Milk SCNis used in the antimicrobial function of the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) in milk while lactoperoxidase activity was reported to be useful as a possible indicator of somatic cell counts (SCC). We investigated the effects on the hygienic quality of raw milk and milk SCC through supplementation of fresh cassava peel (FCP) in the diets of dairy cattle. Twenty-four Holstein-Friesian crossbred, lactating dairy cows were blocked by lactation first and then stratified random balanced based on days in milk, milk yield, and body weight into three groups of 8 cows each. The treatment groups were: 1) cows fed a control diet of 6.49 kgDM/d of 21% crude protein concentrate together with ad libitum corn silage; and 2) and 3) cows were fed the same control diet supplemented with top-dressed 500 and 1000 g/d of FCP, respectively. Dietary treatments had no effect on nutrient intake, weight change, milk yield or composition. The raw milk exhibited increased SCNconcentration and decreased SCC. FCP supplementation greatly increased the efficiency of the antibacterial activity of the LPS. The results demonstrated that increasing milk SCN- maintained the hygienic quality of the raw milk by supplementing the diets of dairy cattle with FCP. Since there was also a commensurate reduction in the SCC, it may be possible to use FCP supplementation as an alternative measure to prevent mastitis in lactating dairy cows

Milk Production and Income over Feed Costs in Dairy Cows Fed Medium-roasted Soybean Meal and Corn Dried Distiller’s Grains with Solubles

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of feeding medium-roasted soybean meal (SBM) and corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles (CDDGS) in dairy cows on milk production and income over feed costs. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with 24 crossbred multiparous Holstein Friesian dairy cows in early- and mid-lactation. Four dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet without feed substitute (Control), 7.17% dry matter (DM) roasted SBM replaced for concentrate (R-SBM), 11.50% DM CDDGS replaced for concentrate (DDGS), and 3.58% DM roasted SBM plus 5.75% DM CDDGS replaced for concentrate (SB-DG). The roasted SBM was produced using a medium-heated treatment at 100°C for 180 min. Dry matter intake was not affected by feeding high rumen undegradable protein (RUP) sources, but the replacement of roasted SBM and CDDGS for concentrate significantly improved (p0.05), whereas milk yield was significantly increased by 3.08 kg/d in the SB-DG group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Net income was meaningfully increased (p<0.05) from 4th week post feeding, the SB-DG group reached the greatest net income ($3.48/head/d) while the control group had the lowest value ($2.60/head/d). In conclusion, the use of CDDGS alone or in combination with medium-roasted SBM as substitute for concentrate in lactating dairy cattle diet led to improved milk production and net income over feed costs without affecting total dry matter intake and milk composition, while feeding medium-roasted SBM seemed to show intermediate values in almost parameters

Effects of ensiled Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cassava pulp as replacement for concentrate on ruminal fermentation in rumen-fistulated cows

Four experiments were conducted. I) The concentration of reducing sugar was determined following incubation with Aspergillus oryzae and an 8x11 factorial arrangement with 8 formulas of cassava components and 0 to 10 d of incubation. The reducing sugar increased from day 3 and the highest was found for 100% cassava pulp. II) Crude protein (CP) and urea content were determined after incubating with A. oryzae and Saccharomyces cerreviseae and a 4x6 factorial arrangement with 4 formulas of cassava components and 6 urea levels. The highest CP was observed in 37.5% cassava pulp, 25% cassava chip, and 37.5% cassava peel. III) The design was a 3x4 factorial arrangement with 3 formulas of cassava components and 4 urea levels. CP was unaffected by cassava components but increased with increasing urea levels. IV) The design was a 3x3 Latin squares with 3 fistulated cows and 3 periods. Treatments were 4 kg/cow/d concentrate, 3.2 kg/cow/d concentrate plus 0.8 kg/cow/d ensiled cassava pulp (ECP) and 2.4 kg/cow/d concentrate plus 1.6 kg/cow/d ECP. ECP increased pH, molar proportions of acetic and butyric acids but reduced molar proportion of propionic acid

Effects of Linseed Oil or Whole Linseed Supplementation on Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows. Thirty six Holstein Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were blocked by milking days first and then stratified random balanced for milk yields and body weight into three groups of 12 cows each. The treatments consisted of basal ration (53:47; forage:concentrate ratio, on a dry matter [DM] basis, respectively) supplemented with 300 g/d of palm oil as a positive control diet (PO), or supplemented with 300 g/d of linseed oil (LSO), or supplemented with 688 g/d of top-dressed whole linseed (WLS). All cows were received ad libitum grass silage and individually fed according to the treatments. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks including the first 2 weeks as the adjustment period, followed by 8 weeks of measurement period. The results showed that LSO and WLS supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and live weight change; however, the animals fed WLS had higher crude protein (CP) intake than those fed PO and LSO (p<0.05). To compare with the control diet, dairy cow’s diets supplemented with LSO and WLS significantly increased milk concentrations of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (p<0.05) and n-3 fatty acids (FA) (p<0.01), particularly, cis-9,12,15-C18:3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Supplementing LSO and WLS induced a reduction of medium chain FA, especially, C12:0-C16:0 FA (p<0.05) while increasing the concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (p<0.05). Milk FA proportions of n-3 FA remarkably increased whereas the ratio of n-6 to n-3 decreased in the cows supplemented with WLS as compared with those fed the control diet and LSO (p<0.01). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows’ diet based on grass silage with WLS had no effect on milk yield and milk composition; however, trans-9- C18:1, cis-9, trans-11-CLA, n-3 FA and UFA were increased while saturated FA were decreased by WLS supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition 300 g/d of oil from whole linseed should be used to lactating dairy cows’ diets

Effect of concentrate supplementation on dairy cow performance, with emphasis on tropical forages : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

The objectives of the present study were to measure the effects of supplementation with concentrates which differed in their protein concentrations and protein degradabilities on the performance of dairy cows, with emphasis on tropical feeds. The degradability of protein in a range of feedstuffs was also measured and rumen metabolism was studied in sheep fed on diets which differed in protein degradability, at two different temperatures. The first experiment (Chapter 4) was conducted in Thailand to determine the effects of concentrates which differed in their protein concentration (17%CP vs 30%CP) and protein degradability (0.65 and 0.53) on the performance of dairy cows fed on fresh pasture. The control treatment of feeding pasture only was also included. The yields of milk and liveweights gain were increased when concentrates were supplemented to pasture fed dairy cows both indoor and under grazing conditions. The response in milk yield to concentrate supplementation ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 kg milk/kgDM concentrate DM eaten. Increases in level of concentrate from 0 to 2.7 and 5.4 kgDM/cow daily resulted in decreases in response to supplementation (from 2.0 to 1.2 kg milk/kg concentrate DM eaten, compared with the unsupplemented group). The high protein (low degradable) concentrate tended to give higher responses in milk yield and liveweight gain per kg concentrate DM eaten. The second experiment (Chapter 5) was also carried out in Thailand to investigate the effects of concentrates containing about 20% crude protein of different degradabilities (altered by inclusion of 0, 1 and 2% urea) on performance of dairy cows fed low quality tropical grass silage (5.2%CP and 48%DMD). The yields of milk and milk protein, and liveweight gain were significantly increased by Concentrate 2 (21%CP with 1% urea; 0.63 protein degradability) when compared with Concentrate 1 (19%CP with no urea; 0.57 protein degradability). Concentrate 3 (21.5%CP with 2% urea; 0.68 protein degradability) and Concentrate 4 (19.5%CP with no urea; 0.62 protein degradability). Silage intake was also increased in cows given Concentrate 2. The degradability of DM and protein of 10 feedstuffs which are widely used in concentrates in Thailand were determined by the nylon bag technique at Khon Kaen University, Thailand (Chapter 6). The measurements used nylon bags inserted into fistulated cows given a diet of 4 kgDM urea-treated rice straw with an additional 2 kg of balanced concentrates. Between 45 and 55% of the crude protein content in cotton seed meal, maize and rice bran was effectively degraded in the rumen, compared with 63 to 69% for groundnut meal, palm meal, corn meal and sesame meal. Cotton seed meal could therefore be considered the most useful bypass protein source for use in feed supplements given to dairy cows in Thailand. To determine the effects of environmental temperature conditions and the inclusion of urea in the concentrates on rumen metabolism, an experiment was conducted in New Zealand using sheep kept in controlled temperature room. Concentrates which differed in protein degradability (by inclusion of urea) were supplemented to sheep fed on low quality hay under 'mild' and 'hot' conditions. Hot temperature conditions had negative effects on DM intake, concentration of total VFA and degradability of protein but positive effects on respiration rate and water intake. The inclusion of urea in the concentrate supplements had fewer effects than the temperature conditions. Intakes of low quality roughage DM were reduced by hot temperature. High temperatures and low quality roughages are the two major factors contributing to the low production of animal in the tropics. The final experiment was conducted in New Zealand to investigate the effects of a high protein-low degradable protein concentrate on the performance of grazing dairy cows fed generously on high quality autumn/winter temperate pasture. The high protein (low degradable) concentrate supplement significantly increased milk production. The milk yield response to the concentrate however, was lower than in the measured in the experiments in Thailand, probably because of the very high allowance of high quality pasture used in the New Zealand experiment. It can be concluded that, in the present experiments, the major factor which contributed to differences in animal performance was ME intake, particularly for cows fed on concentrates. The effects of increased crude protein concentration or increased crude protein degradability in the concentrates on forage DM intake and on milk yield were variable. However, when a moderate level of low degradable protein concentrate was supplemented to cows on poor quality tropical grass silage, the effect of low degradable protein in the concentrate on increased milk production was evident