The gastric acid pocket is attenuated in H. pylori infected subjects

Objective Gastric acid secretory capacity in different anatomical regions, including the postprandial acid pocket, was assessed in Helicobacter pylori positive and negative volunteers in a Western population. Design We studied 31 H. pylori positive and 28 H. pylori negative volunteers, matched for age, gender and body mass index. Jumbo biopsies were taken at 11 predetermined locations from the gastro-oesophageal junction and stomach. Combined high-resolution pH metry (12 sensors) and manometry (36 sensors) was performed for 20 min fasted and 90 min postprandially. The squamocolumnar junction was marked with radio-opaque clips and visualised radiologically. Biopsies were scored for inflammation and density of parietal, chief and G cells immunohistochemically. Results Under fasting conditions, the H. pylori positives had less intragastric acidity compared with negatives at all sensors >1.1 cm distal to the peak lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) pressure (p<0.01). Postprandially, intragastric acidity was less in H. pylori positives at sensors 2.2, 3.3 and 4.4 cm distal to the peak LES pressure (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences in more distal sensors. The postprandial acid pocket was thus attenuated in H. pylori positives. The H. pylori positives had a lower density of parietal and chief cells compared with H. pylori negatives in 10 of the 11 gastric locations (p<0.05). 17/31 of the H. pylori positives were CagA-seropositive and showed a more marked reduction in intragastric acidity and increased mucosal inflammation. Conclusions In population volunteers, H. pylori positives have reduced intragastric acidity which most markedly affects the postprandial acid pocket

Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of gastric cancer patients: critical role of H. pylori

Background & Aims:Helicobacter pylori is believed to predispose to gastric cancer by inducing gastric atrophy and hypochlorhydria. First-degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer have an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of atrophy and hypochlorhydria and their association with H. pylori infection in first-degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer. Methods:H. pylori status, gastric secretory function, and gastric histology were studied in 100 first-degree relatives of patients with noncardia gastric cancer and compared with those of controls with no family history of this cancer. Results: Compared with healthy controls, relatives of patients with gastric cancer had a higher prevalence of hypochlorhydria (27% vs. 3%) but a similar prevalence of H. pylori infection (63% vs. 64%). Relatives of cancer patients also had a higher prevalence of atrophy (34%) than patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (5%) matched for H. pylori prevalence. Among the relatives of cancer patients, the prevalence of atrophy and hypochlorhydria was increased only in those with evidence of H. pylori infection, was greater in relatives of patients with familial cancer than in relatives of sporadic cancer index patients, and increased with age. Eradication of H. pylori infection produced resolution of the gastric inflammation in each subject and resolution of hypochlorhydria and atrophy in 50% of the subjects. Conclusions: Relatives of patients with gastric cancer have an increased prevalence of precancerous gastric abnormalities, but this increase is confined to those with H. pylori infection. Consequently, prophylactic eradication of the infection should be offered to such subjects

Abdominal compression by waist belt aggravates gastroesophageal reflux, primarily by impairing esophageal clearance

Background & Aims: Central obesity promotes gastroesophageal reflux and this may be related to increased intra-abdominal pressure. We investigated the effect of increasing abdominal pressure by waist belt on reflux in patients with reflux disease. Methods: We performed a prospective study of patients with esophagitis (n=8) or Barrett’s esophagus (n=6); their median age was 56 years and their median body mass index, 26.8. Proton pump inhibitors were stopped at least 7 days before the study and H2 receptor antagonists were stopped for at least 24 hours before. The severity of upper gastrointestinal symptoms was assessed, and measurements of height, weight, waist and hip circumference taken. Combined high-resolution pH measurement and manometry were performed in fasted state for 20 minutes and for 90 minutes following a standardized meal. The squamocolumnar junction was marked by endoscopically placed radiopaque clips. The procedures were performed with and without a waist belt (a weight-lifter belt applied tightly and inflated to a constant cuff pressure of 50 mmHg). We compared variables between groups using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and tested for correlations using Spearman Rho bivariate analysis. Results: Without the belt, intragastric pressure correlated with waist circumference (r=0.682; P=.008), with the range in pressure between smallest and largest waist circumference being 15mmHg. The belt increased intragastric pressure by a median of 6.9 mmHg during fasting (P=.002) and by 9.0 mmHg after the meal (P=.001). Gastroesophageal acid reflux at each of the pH sensors extending 5.5 cm proximal to the peak lower esophageal sphincter pressure point was increased by approximately 8-fold by the belt (all P<.05). Following the meal, the mean number of reflux events with the belt was 4, vs 2 without (P=.008). Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations were not increased by the belt but those associated with reflux were increased (2 vs 3.5; P=.04). The most marked effect of the belt was impaired esophageal clearance of refluxed acid (median values of 23.0 seconds without belt vs 81.1 seconds with belt) (P=.008). The pattern of impaired clearance was that of rapid re-reflux after peristaltic clearance. Conclusions: In a prospective study of patients with esophagitis or Barrett’s esophagus, we found belt compression increased acid reflux following a meal. The intragastric pressure rise inducing this effect is well within the range associated with differing waist circumference and likely to be relevant to the association between obesity and reflux disease