General practitioner empathy, patient enablement, and patient-reported outcomes in primary care in an area of high socio-economic deprivation in Scotland - a pilot prospective study using structural equation modelling

<b>Objective</b> The aim of this pilot prospective study was to investigate the relationships between general practitioners (GPs) empathy, patient enablement, and patient-assessed outcomes in primary care consultations in an area of high socio-economic deprivation in Scotland.<p></p> <b>Methods</b> This prospective study was carried out in a five-doctor practice in an area of high socio-economic deprivation in Scotland. Patients’ views on the consultation were gathered using the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure and the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI). Changes in main complaint and well-being 1 month after the contact consultation were gathered from patients by postal questionnaire. The effect of GP empathy on patient enablement and prospective change in outcome was investigated using structural equation modelling.<p></p> <b>Results</b> 323 patients completed the initial questionnaire at the contact consultation and of these 136 (42%) completed and returned the follow-up questionnaire at 1 month. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the CARE Measure, though omission of two of the six PEI items was required in order to reach an acceptable global data fit. The structural equation model revealed a direct positive relationship between GP empathy and patient enablement at contact consultation and a prospective relationship between patient enablement and changes in main complaint and well-being at 1 month.<p></p> <b>Conclusion</b> In a high deprivation setting, GP empathy is associated with patient enablement at consultation, and enablement predicts patient-rated changes 1 month later. Further larger studies are desirable to confirm or refute these findings.<p></p> <b>Practice implications</b> Ways of increasing GP empathy and patient enablement need to be established in order to maximise patient outcomes. Consultation length and relational continuity of care are known factors; the benefit of training and support for GPs needs to be further investigate

Optical absorption in small BN and C nanotubes

We present a theoretical study of the optical absorption spectrum of small boron-nitride and carbon nanotubes using time-dependent density-functional theory and the random phase approximation. Both for C and BN tubes, the absorption of light polarized perpendicular to the tube-axis is strongly suppressed due to local field effects. Since BN-tubes are wide band-gap insulators, they only absorb in the ultra-violet energy regime, independently of chirality and diameter. In comparison with the spectra of the single C and BN-sheets, the tubes display additional fine-structure which stems from the (quasi-) one-dimensionality of the tubes and sensitively depends on the chirality and tube diameter. This fine structure can provide additional information for the assignment of tube indices in high resolution optical absorption spectroscopy.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Greedy kernel methods for accelerating implicit integrators for parametric ODEs

We present a novel acceleration method for the solution of parametric ODEs by single-step implicit solvers by means of greedy kernel-based surrogate models. In an offline phase, a set of trajectories is precomputed with a high-accuracy ODE solver for a selected set of parameter samples, and used to train a kernel model which predicts the next point in the trajectory as a function of the last one. This model is cheap to evaluate, and it is used in an online phase for new parameter samples to provide a good initialization point for the nonlinear solver of the implicit integrator. The accuracy of the surrogate reflects into a reduction of the number of iterations until convergence of the solver, thus providing an overall speedup of the full simulation. Interestingly, in addition to providing an acceleration, the accuracy of the solution is maintained, since the ODE solver is still used to guarantee the required precision. Although the method can be applied to a large variety of solvers and different ODEs, we will present in details its use with the Implicit Euler method for the solution of the Burgers equation, which results to be a meaningful test case to demonstrate the method's features

Excitons and Many-Electron Effects in the Optical Response of Single-Walled Boron Nitride Nanotubes

We report first-principles calculations of the effects of quasiparticle self-energy and electron-hole interaction on the optical properties of single-walled BN nanotubes. Excitonic effects are shown to be even more important in BN nanotubes than in carbon nanotubes. Electron-hole interactions give rise to complexes of bright (and dark) excitons, which qualitatively alter the optical response. Excitons with binding energy larger than 2 eV are found in the (8,0) BN nanotubes. Moreover, unlike the carbon nanotubes, theory predicts that these exciton states are comprised of coherent supposition of transitions from several different subband pairs, giving rise to novel behaviors.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial of an NCD access to medicines initative: Evaluation of Novartis Access in Kenya

INTRODUCTION: Novartis recently launched Novartis Access, an initiative to provide a basket of reduced price medicines for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) to be sold through the public and private nonprofit sectors in programme countries. This study will evaluate the impact of Novartis Access on the availability and price of NCD medicines at health facilities and households in Kenya, the first country to receive the programme. METHODS: This study will be a cluster randomised controlled trial. 8 counties in Kenya will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group using a covariate constrained randomisation method to maximise balance on demographic and health characteristics. In intervention counties, public and private non-profit health facilities will be able to order Novartis Access NCD medicines from the Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies (MEDS). Data will be collected from a random sample of 384 health facilities and 800 households at baseline, midline after 1-year of intervention, and end-line after 2 years. Quarterly surveillance data will also be collected from health facilities and a subsample of households through phone-based interviews. Households will be eligible if at least one resident has been previously diagnosed and prescribed a medicine for an NCD addressed by Novartis Access, including hypertension and diabetes. The primary outcomes will be availability and price of NCD medicines at health facilities, and availability, price, and expenditures on NCD medicines at households. Impacts will be estimated using intention-to-treat analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at Strathmore University and at Boston University. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants at the start of the trial. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, international conferences, and meetings and events organised with local stakeholders

Excitons in boron nitride nanotubes: dimensionality effects

We show that the optical absorption spectra of boron nitride (BN) nanotubes are dominated by strongly bound excitons. Our first-principles calculations indicate that the binding energy for the first and dominant excitonic peak depends sensitively on the dimensionality of the system, varying from 0.7 eV in bulk hexagonal BN via 2.1 eV in the single sheet of BN to more than 3 eV in the hypothetical (2,2) tube. The strongly localized nature of this exciton dictates the fast convergence of its binding energy with increasing tube diameter towards the sheet value. The absolute position of the first excitonic peak is almost independent of the tube radius and system dimensionality. This provides an explanation for the observed "optical gap" constancy for different tubes and bulk hBN [R. Arenal et al., to appear in Phys. Rev. Lett. (2005)].Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

Recrystallization and composition dependent thermal fatigue response of different tungsten grades

Industrial pure tungsten grades, manufactured by using a variety of manufactured techniques, are available worldwide in many different types of semifinished products, i.e. rods, wires, ribbons, and sheets. Thereby, the recrystallization temperature varies depending on the applied degree of deformation but also depending on the materials composition, i.e. the materials purity and in particular the level of certain impurities. In order to compare different available industrial tungsten grades and a newly developed PIM-W grade, on the one hand recrystallization studies at three different temperatures from 1300 to 1800 °C for 1 h were performed using Vickers hardness testing. On the other hand, the thermal shock induced low cycle thermal fatigue response of the material in its different recrystallization stages was done using high heat flux tests at 1000 °C base temperature, applying 1000 shots with 1 ms and 0.38 GW/m2 and post mortem characterization, i.e. profilometry and metallography. The obtained results are related to the chemical composition of the individual tungsten grades obtained from Auger electron spectroscopy analyses on cold fracture surfaces

High pulse number thermal shock testing of tungsten alloys produced by powder injection molding

The investigation of plasma facing materials (PFM) subjected to a large number (≥10,000) of thermal shocks is of interest to determine long term morphological changes which might influence component lifetime in and plasma performance of a fusion reactor. The electron beam facility JUDITH 2 was used to simulate these conditions experimentally. In this study eight different tungsten grades produced by powder injection molding (PIM) were investigated: Two pure tungsten grades, one with 2 wt% Y₂O₃, three with 1, 2 and 3 wt% TiC, and two with 0.5 and 1 wt% TaC. Samples of 10 × 10 × 4 mm³ were brazed to a copper cooling structure and subjected to 10⁵ thermal shocks of 0.5 ms duration and an intensity of L$_{abs}$=0.55 GW/m² (F$_{HF}$=12 MWs½/m2) at a base temperature of T$_{base}$ = 700 °C. The PIM grades showed damages in general comparable with a sintered and forged pure tungsten reference grade (>99.97 wt% W) that complies with the ITER specifications. One exception was the 2 wt% TiC doped material which failed early during the experiment by delamination of a large part of the surface. The Y₂O₃ doped material showed a comparatively good performance with respect to crack width (<15 μm) and roughening (R$_{a}$ = 0.75 μm), but showed melt droplets of ∼3–4 μm diameter, while the 1 wt% TiC doped material showed wide cracks (up to 50 μm) and strong roughening (R$_{a}$ = 2.5 μm). The paper discusses the post-mortem analysis of all grades, comparing them with respect to roughness (from laser profilometry), crack network characteristics and local melt droplet formation or other special morphological features (from SEM images) as well as crack depth (from metallographic cross sections)

Tight--binding description of the quasiparticle dispersion of graphite and few--layer graphene

A universal set of third--nearest neighbour tight--binding (TB) parameters is presented for calculation of the quasiparticle (QP) dispersion of $N$ stacked $sp^2$ graphene layers ($N=1... \infty$) with $AB$ stacking sequence. The QP bands are strongly renormalized by electron--electron interactions which results in a 20% increase of the nearest neighbour in--plane and out--of--plane TB parameters when compared to band structure from density functional theory. With the new set of TB parameters we determine the Fermi surface and evaluate exciton energies, charge carrier plasmon frequencies and the conductivities which are relevant for recent angle--resolved photoemission, optical, electron energy loss and transport measurements. A comparision of these quantitities to experiments yields an excellent agreement. Furthermore we discuss the transition from few layer graphene to graphite and a semimetal to metal transition in a TB framework.Comment: Corresponding author: A. Gr\"uneis Tel.: +49 351 4659 519 e--mail: [email protected]