Prevalence and population attributable fractions of weight and hypertension problems by SES.

<p>Prevalence and population attributable fractions of weight and hypertension problems by SES.</p

Socioeconomic Gradient in Childhood Obesity and Hypertension: A Multilevel Population-Based Study in a Chinese Community

<div><p>Background</p><p>This study aims to assess evidence for any socioeconomic gradients in childhood obesity and hypertension in a population-representative sample in Hong Kong, China.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The data of a stratified random sampled growth survey collected in 2005–2006 was matched with a population by-census. Obesity was defined using the International Obesity Task Force standard and hypertension was defined using the Hong Kong norm table. Family socioeconomic status (SES) was measured by maternal education level. Neighbourhood SES was measured by median household income of the neighbourhood. Multilevel Poisson regression models with robust standard error were used to test the association. Body mass indices of children’s parents were included as potential confounders. Intra-school/neighbourhood correlations were adjusted using random factors.</p><p>Results</p><p>Totally 14842 children (age 6–19 years) included in the analysis, in which 16.6% of them were overweight or obese. Children whose mother only completed secondary school or below had higher risk of childhood obesity (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13–1.76, p = 0.003) and hypertension (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.01–1.36, p = 0.03). Meanwhile, children in the lowest neighbourhood SES group had higher risk of childhood underweight (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.04–2.49, p = 0.03), overweight (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05–1.72, p = 0.02), and obesity (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.11–3.88, p = 0.02).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Socioeconomic gradient in childhood obesity and hypertension existed in Hong Kong, one of the most developed cities in China. These results have implications for policymakers and public health experts and highlight the need to monitor trends in other parts of China.</p></div

Association between health outcomes and potential mediator.

<p>Association between health outcomes and potential mediator.</p

Adjusted associations between SES and weight and hypertension status.

<p>All associations were estimated after the adjustment of child’s gender and age, paternal and maternal BMI, and intra-cluster correlation. Tertiary maternal education and low neighbourhood income were the reference groups. Error bars show the 95% confidence intervals. **: p < 0.01; *: p < 0.05</p

Participant characteristics.

<p>Participant characteristics.</p

Additional file 2: of Identification of mutations in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway in patients with macrocephaly and developmental delay and/or autism

Bi-allelic PTEN mutations in patient 3. The file consists of WES reads and clonal sequencing data to show that patient 3 has two mutations in different PTEN alleles. (DOCX 936 kb