Antiproliferative Activity of Extracts and Fractions from Irradiated Curcuma zanthorrhiza Rhizomes Against Mouse Leukemia and Human Cancer Cell Lines

Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. is a medicinal plant that is used as a raw material in the herbal medicine and pharmaceutical industries. The main content of  C. zanthorrhiza is curcuminoid, which is used as an antioxidant and an anticancer agent. The aim of this research was to study the effect of gamma radiation used for preserving simplicia or herbal drugs through the examination of their cytotoxicity against mouse leukemia L1210 cells and antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines HUT78, A549, HeLa, and THP1. The samples of curcuma rhizome were irradiated by gamma ray emitted by Cobalt-60 as a source at doses of 0 (control), 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 kGy. After irradiation, the samples were macerated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively. Preliminary cytotoxicity test toward extract from control sample against mouse leukemia L1210 cells revealed that the ethyl acetate extract was the most active extract inhibiting   the growth of cells with an IC50 value of 16.6 µg/mL, followed by ethanol extract (18.8 µg/mL) and n-hexane extract (42.7 μg/mL). Fractionation using a chromatography column of the ethyl acetate extract resulted in seven fractions denoted as F1-F7. The cytotoxicity test of the seven fractions against mouse leukemia L1210 cells showed that fraction 3 (F3) was the most active fraction with an IC50 value of 10.0 μg/mL, followed by F7 (11.2 μg/mL), F6 (11.8 μg/mL), F5 (12.0 μg/mL), F1 (13.2 μg/mL), F4 (14.5 μg/mL), and F2 (27.8 μg/mL), respectively. Based on these results, all irradiated samples were then extracted, fractionated, and tested for cytotoxicity in a similar manner. The result showed that irradiation of samples under doses up to 10 kGy can be used to preserve Curcuma zanthorrhiza simplicia without damaging its efficacy. To ensure that the irradiation dose of 10 kGy did not reduce anticancer activity, the F3 from the irradiated sample at a dose of 10 kGy was also examined of its in-vitro antiproliferative activity using HUT78, A549, HeLa, and THP1 human cancer cell lines. The results showed that irradiation of the sample at a dose of 10 kGy reduced the antiproliferative activity of F3 against HUT78 (32 %), A549 (48 %), HeLa (42 %), and THP1 (31 %). However, its reduction did not eliminate its antiproliferative activities. These results indicated that the preservation of simplicia using radiation can be done at a maximum radiation dose of 10 kGy by modifying the concentration of simplicia in the fabrication process of herbal medicine formulation

Fulfillment of Student Rights Regarding Citizenship Education in the Online Learning Process Through Zoom Meeting

This study aims to examine how the rights of students in the policies of the ministry of education and culture are related to the online learning process through zoom meeting. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive analysis approach. This research is limited to students. This study wants to know and analyze the rights of students in the law number 20 of 2003 concerning the national education system. This study seeks to find challenges and problems in fulfilling the rights of students regarding Citizenship Education in the online learning process through zoom meeting. The policy of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) is stated through a joint decree (SKB) of the Four Ministers which was issued on August 7, 2020. The results of the study indicate that the rights of students contained in law number 20 of 2003 concerning the national education system have not been fully fulfilled because there are still facilities in the online learning process through zoom meeting used by students not facilitated by the ministry of education and culture. (Kemendikbud) such as laptops and android phones. Meanwhile, the facilities provided by theMinistry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) such as internet quotas for students are useful for the online learning process through zoom meeting.Keywords: Student rights, students, zoom meeting

Kesiapan Dan Kendala Yang Dihadapi Guru Smk Program Keahlian Otomotif Di Kota Semarang Dalam Melaksanakan Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan

Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) diberlakukan secara bertahap. Dengandemikian dibutuhkan kesiapan guru dalam menyusun, melaksanakan sertamengembangkannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesiapan dan kendala yangdihadapi Guru Program Pendidikan Otomotif SMK di Kota Semarang. Permasalahanyang diteliti mencakup kesiapan Guru SMK Swasta di Semarang melaksanakan KTSP,kendala yang dihadapi dan cara mengatasinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodepenelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan teknikwawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Guru SMK Swasta di Kota Semarang belumseluruhnya siap menghadapi KTSP karena belum seluruhnya memahami KTSP. MeskiKelas X dan XI sudah menggunakan KTSP namun untuk kelas XII masih menggunakanKBK. Guru menilai KBK dan KTSP cenderung sama meskipun ada sejumlah perbedaan.Kendala dalam pemberlakuan KTSP terutama berkaitan dengan proses pemahamankurikulum itu sendiri. Kendala lainnya adalah KTSP disusun oleh tim sehingga tidaksemua guru ikut serta secara langsung dalam proses penyusunan dan pengembangannya.Upaya terpenting untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut adalah mengadakan rapat guru untukmemecahkan persoalan, mengirim guru mengikuti penataran KTSP serta pelatihan terkaitdengan pembelajaran lainnya

Pengembangan Modul IPA Terpadu Berbasis High Order Thinking Skill (Hots) Pada Tema Energi

Ketersediaan bahan ajar yang mendukung pelaksanaan pembelajaran IPA terpadu sesuai tuntutan kurikulum masih kurang. Berpikir dan terampil memecahkan setiap masalah adalah sarana untuk mengatasi persoalan pendidikan. Kemampuan berpikir peserta didik Indonesia berdasar analisis PISA hanya mampu menguasai pelajaran sampai level 3 saja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan modul IPA terpadu dan mengetahui karakteristik, kelayakan, dan efektivitas modul IPA terpadu berbasis High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) yang dikembangkan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan yang mengacu pada 4-D yang dikemukakan oleh Thiagarajan yaitu pendefinisian, perancangan, pengembangan, dan penyebaran. Penelitian diawali dengan studi pustakadan observasi lapangan selanjutnya menyusun draft-1 modul. Draft modul divalidasi oleh ahli materi dan teman sejawat kemudian direvisi menjadi draft-2. Selanjutnya diujicobakan secara terbatas dan direvisi menjadi draft-3. Draft-3 modul diujicobakan pada kelompok besar di kelas VIII SMP N 3 Jatisrono. Uji coba kelompok besar diawali dengan pretest dan setelah dilakukan pembelajaran menggunakan modul kemudian diakhiri dengan postest. Modul ini kemudian disebarkan ke guru IPA untuk mendapat umpan Balik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas modul hasil pengembangan untuk kelayakan isi 91,3%, penyajian 94,0%, bahasa 91,3%, kegrafikan 92,6%, pendekatan 88,4%, dan keterpaduan 91,3%, jadi termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik. Berdasarkan uji dua sampel berhubungan diperoleh thitung – 8,101 dan ttabel adalah – 2,040, oleh karena - thitung< - ttabel maka H0 ditolak, maka keputusan uji antara postest dengan pretest mempunyai perbedaan efektivitas yang signifikan. Rerata prestasi belajar kognitif sebelum menggunakan modul 67,4 dan sesudah menggunakan modul 85,3. Hasil komentar guru pada tahap penyebaran adalah modul bagus dan layak digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran

Redesigning More Resilent Sahana System For Disaster Information In Indonesia

This application is a disaster information system in Indonesia using Sahana platform that has many unique features of the integration Sahana disaster with some applications that have been built independently in the previous year of mudflow in Sidoarjo, Solo in Bojonegoro Flood, and Forest Fires in Kalimantan. Addition, this application provides a virtual feature class that is learning GIS and Sahana, complete with an online test and the results. Since the system is web-based, then use the appropriate technology that is MapServer as web server, php, html, and javascript as a system builder and PostgreSQL for data storage. To improve the security of these applications also added SSL and Mod Security. SSL to secure data line and mod security to prevent attacks SQL Injection and Cross Site Scripting. Two of these securities will keep the system from attack, so the important data such as victims of disasters, infrastructure and map safe. With this integration, these applications into a complete information system, safely and in accordance with local conditions of each disaster. Keywords : Disaster Management, Sahana, Virtual Class, Integration System

Cognitive Moral Approach to Civics Education Material Development in the Elementary School

PENDEKATAN COGNITIVE MORAL SEBAGAI KERANGKA PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR PPKN DI SEKOLAH DASARAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi pembelajaran PPKn sebagai wahana pendidikan moral dan relevansi pendekatan cognitive moral sebagai kerangka pengembangan bahan ajar PPKn untuk membelajarkan nilai-nilai moral. Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian adalah 122 siswa kelas V sekolah dasar dan 4 guru pengampu Mata Pelajaran PPKn pada empat kecamatan di Kota Salatiga. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan observasi, angket, wawancara, dan studi dokumen. Temuan hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan analisis interaktif model Miles dan Huberman kemudian disajikan melalui teks narasi deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, proses pelaksanaan pembelajaran PPKn belum merepresentasikan pendidikan moral. Kedua, guru tidak melaksanakan pembelajaran moral yang terencana dan sistematis dalam pembelajaran PPKn. Ketiga, pengetahuan siswa tentang moral rendah. Keempat, siswa mengalami miskonsepsi terhadap substansi dan tujuan PPKn. Kelima, muatan PPKn pada buku tematik Kurikulum 2013 tidak menguraikan materi tentang moral. Keenam, pendekatan cognitive moral melalui cerita dilema relevan sebagai solusi pengembangan bahan ajar PPKn untuk membelajarkan moral di sekolah dasar. Kata kunci: cognitive moral, PPKn, sekolah dasarAbstractThe study was aimed at describing the implementation of the civics education subject as a means of moral education and the relevance of cognitive moral approach as a framework for developingcivics education instructional materials. The study was descriptive analytical research using a qualitative approach. The subjects of the study were 122 fourth-grade students of elementary school and 4 teachers of civics education in four districts in Salatiga City. The data collection techniques were observation, questionnaires, interviews, and documents. The data were analyzed using interactive analysis of Miles and Huberman model and presented through descriptive narrative texts. The results show that first, civic education learning has not yet represented moral education. Second, teachers do not carry out planned and systematic moral learning in civics education learning. Third, students' moral comprehension is still low. Fourth, students have misconceptions about the substance and the purpose of civics educationlearning. Fifth, the content of civics education in the thematic book of Curriculum 2013 does not include the material related to moral learning. Sixth, the cognitive moral approach through the dilemma story is relevant as a solution for the development of civics education instructional materials to teach morals in the elementary school

The Needs for Contextual in Teaching Materials on Writing Kid Stories Grade 4th Elementary School

The aims of research consist of the following (1) to know need analyze teaching materials related to the matter on writing kid stories in the fourth grade of elementary school, (2) to develop teaching material on writing kid stories based on contextual. The study employs descriptive qualitative and evaluative method which the data are collected by interview, observation, document analysis, and Forum Group Discussions (FGD), questionnaire, and test. Result of the research (1) The teachers still need the addition of teaching materials on writing kid stories as support, (2) Teachers need the new innovation about the developing og teaching materials on writing kid stories. Teaching materials on writing kid stories on contextual basis which can help the teachers as the teaching media in enlanging the sight on writing kid stories and the students are motivated in expressing idea, opinion and mind in a story. The results of the development of teaching materials to writing kid stories based on contextual grade 4th can be received well by learners

Assessment of Human Milk Intake by Breastfed Infants Using Deuterium Oxide Dose-to-Mother Technique in “Tumbuh Kembang Anak” Cohort, Indonesia

Indonesia government has done the WHO recomendation that the infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life to achieve optimum growth, development and health. Nevertheless, the percentage of exclusive breastfed infants have not achieved the target yet and has not been scientifically quantified. The objective of the study is to measure the intake of human milk of Indonesian infants during first 6 months and to record the breastfeeding practices of mothers. Thirty healthy mother-infant pairs were recruited randomly for the cross-sectional study at “TumbuhKembangAnak” cohort in Bogor. Milk intake to the infant was measured using the deuterium oxide technique over 14 days. The interviews were done by members of team using the questionnaire to get the information on breastfeeding practice of respondents. The results showed that intake of human milk was 784 ± 117g.d-1 (mean ± SD), 787 ± 180 g.d-1 for infants 3 and 6 moths of age. It showed that the milk intake were not different between 3 and 6 months. The body composition of mothers, age, or parityhad no effects on milk intake of infants, education of mothers (3 months aged, P = 0.061, r = -0.097 and 6 months,  P = 0.616, r = -0.095), infants of3 months aged, P = 0.200, r = -0.290 and 6 months, P = -0.078, r = 0.684). Body mass index of mother (P < 0.05, r = 0.963) were correlated with the milk intake. About 53 % of the lactating mothers started breastfeeding within less than one hour of delivery. Breast-milk intake of the Indonesian infants were documented using deuterium oxide-to-the-mother technique.In the current study concluded that the exclusive breastfeeding practices with 30 pairs of mother-infant still shows that the conditions of exclusive breastfeeding practices have not been properly adhered to by mothers who deliver babies. It is recommended that "mother and baby health officer"  in Indonesia are increasingly promoting in order mothers in urban and rural areas to breastfeed exclusively for up to 6 month