Reduction:Hydrocyanation of C=C

\u3cp\u3eThe asymmetric hydrocyanation of olefins is an atom efficient carbon-carbon bond forming reaction, in which nitriles are produced that can be converted into a variety of products. Examples of asymmetric hydrocyanation of norbornene, vinylarenes and 1,3-dienes are reviewed, as well as several mechanistic aspects. The mechanistic considerations focus on the catalytic cycle, the rate-determining step, the enantioselective step, and electronic and steric ligand properties that influence the enantioselectivity of the asymmetric hydrocyanation.\u3c/p\u3

Use of system made of peroxocarboxylic-donating substance and metal-modified polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes under perhydrolysis, as activator for inorganic peroxygen compounds in oxidizing, washing, cleaning or disinfecting solutions

\u3cp\u3eUse of a system made of peroxocarboxylic-donating substance and metal-modified polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes (I)-(IV) under perhydrolysis conditions, as an activator for inorganic peroxygen compounds in oxidizing-, washing-, cleaning- or disinfecting-solutions, is claimed. Use of a system made of peroxocarboxylic-donating substance and metal-modified polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes of formulae (I)-(IV) under perhydrolysis conditions, as an activator for inorganic peroxygen compounds in oxidizing-, washing-, cleaning- or disinfecting-solutions, is claimed. M : metal atom comprising Al, Mn, Fe, In, Co, Ni, Ti, V, Ce, W, Mo, Au, Pd, Pt or Cu; L : anionic or neutral ligands; n : 0 or 1-5; A, B1 : -H, -ML n or -SiR1R2R3; R1-R3 : -OH,-COOH, -OR or R; and R : optionally mono- or polysubstituted carboxy-, phosphono-, sulfo-, sulfato- and/or hydroxy-substituted alkyl-, aryl-, alkaryl- or aralkyl- groups having 1-44C that are interrupted by one or more non-adjacent O-atoms in their alkyl chain. An independent claim is included for washing-, cleaning- or disinfecting-agent, comprising peroxocarboxylic-donating compound and metal-modified polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes (I)-(IV) under perhydrolysis conditions. [Image].\u3c/p\u3

Using a metal-modified polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (I), (II), (III) or (IV) as an activator for inorganic peroxygen compounds in oxidizing-, washing-, cleaning- or disinfecting solutions

\u3cp\u3eUsing a metal-modified polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (I), (II), (III) or (IV) as an activator for inorganic peroxygen compounds in oxidizing-, washing-, cleaning- or disinfecting solutions, is claimed. Using a metal-modified polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane of formula (I), (II), (III) or (IV) as an activator for inorganic peroxygen compounds in oxidizing-, washing-, cleaning- or disinfecting solutions, is claimed. M : metal, preferably Mn, Fe, Mo, Au, Cu or Ce; L : anionic or neutral ligand; n : 0 or 1-5; A, B1 : -H, -ML n or SiR1R2R3; R1, R2, R3 : -OH, -COOH, -OR or R; and R : optionally mono- or polysubstituted carboxy-, phosphono-, sulfo-, sulfato- or hydroxy-substituted 1-44C alkyl, 1-44C aryl, 1-44C alkaryl or 1-44C aralkyl, where the alkyl chain is interrupted by at least one non-adjacent O. Independent claims are also included for: (1) using a system made of peroxocarboxylic acid-forming substance under perhydroloysis conditions and (I), (II), (III) or (IV) for enhancing the cleaning performance of detergents and cleaning agents in an aqueous surfactant containing liquor; (2) using a combination of peroxygen compound and (I), (II), (III) or (IV) for bleaching colored stains during washing of textiles, preferably in aqueous surfactant-containing liquor, or in cleaning solutions for hard surfaces, preferably for tableware, for bleaching colored stains, preferably of tea; and (3) a washing-, cleaning- or disinfecting agent comprising (I), (II), (III) or (IV). [Image] [Image].\u3c/p\u3

Process for manufacturing acrylic acid

\u3cp\u3eThe invention pertains to a process for preparing acrylic acid and/or the ester of acrylic acid and lactic acid from a lactic acid oligomer or polymer, comprising the steps of - bringing a reaction mixture comprising the lactic acid oligomer or polymer to reaction conditions to form acrylic acid and/or the ester of acrylic acid and lactic acid, the reacting mixture comprising a halide source selected from a bromide source and/or a chloride source and optionally an acid selected from the group of acids with a pKa of at most 2.0 and compounds which under reaction conditions decompose under the formation of an acid with a pKa of at most 2.0, with the reaction mixture comprising less than 1 wt. % of water, and - keeping the reaction mixture under reaction conditions for a time sufficient to produce acrylic acid and/or the ester of acrylic acid and lactic acid. It has been found that the use of a bromide source and/or a chloride source in combination with the specified acid results in a process which can be operated to obtain a high yield, and is relatively easy to perform.\u3c/p\u3

A method to form a polyurethane material

\u3cp\u3eA method to form a urethane material, the method comprises blending and reacting at least one isocyanate, at least one isocyanate reactive compound and a metallized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane to provide said urethane material, the metallized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane is a dimeric structure with general formula wherein M represents a metal providing a 6-coordinated metal center, x and y being 1, R1O and R2O represent an alkoxide bridging the 6-coordinated metal centers, R3OH and R4OH represent an alcohol ligand and each of R5, to R18 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl-, polyether- and polyester ligands.\u3c/p\u3

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (poss)-linked ligands

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) linked ligand of the general formula (I): L [(R1a)n-1(SiO1,5)n R2a ]k [(R1b)n-1SiO1,5)n R2b ]| [(R1C)n-1SiO1,5)n R2c ]m in which (R1a,b,c)n-1(SiO1,5)n is a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) with n = 4, 6, 8,10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 and R1a, R1b,R1c is each independently selected from the group consisting of same or different branched or linear C1-C20 alkyl chains, cyclo alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl and arylalkyl groups, k, l, m is 0 or 1 provided that k+l+m = 1, R2a, R2b, R2c is a spacer that binds the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) to the ligand L and ligand L is an uncharged electron donor

Polysilsesquioxane (POSS)-linked imidazole-based carbene and phosphine ligands for transition metal catalysts

\u3cp\u3ePolyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) linked ligand of the general formula (I) L [(R 1a ) n-1 (SiO 1,5 ) n R 2a ] k [(R 1b ) n-1 SiO 1,5 ) n R 2b ] l [(R 1c ) n-1 SiO 1,5 ) n R 2c ] m (I) in which (R 1a,b,c ) n-1 (SiO 1,5 ) n is a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) with n = 4, 6, 8,10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 and R 1a , R 1b ,R 1c is each independently selected from the group consisting of same or different branched or linear C 1 -C 20 alkyl chains, cyclo alkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl and arylalkyl groups, k, I, m is 0 or 1 provided that k+l+m ¥ 1, R 2a , R 2b , R 2c is a spacer that binds the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) to the ligand L and ligand L is an uncharged electron donor.\u3c/p\u3