Transmission of Yellow Fever Vaccine Virus Through Blood Transfusion and Organ Transplantation in the USA in 2021: Report of an Investigation

BACKGROUND: In 2021, four patients who had received solid organ transplants in the USA developed encephalitis beginning 2-6 weeks after transplantation from a common organ donor. We describe an investigation into the cause of encephalitis in these patients. METHODS: From Nov 7, 2021, to Feb 24, 2022, we conducted a public health investigation involving 15 agencies and medical centres in the USA. We tested various specimens (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular fluid, serum, and tissues) from the organ donor and recipients by serology, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, metagenomic next-generation sequencing, and host gene expression, and conducted a traceback of blood transfusions received by the organ donor. FINDINGS: We identified one read from yellow fever virus in cerebrospinal fluid from the recipient of a kidney using metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Recent infection with yellow fever virus was confirmed in all four organ recipients by identification of yellow fever virus RNA consistent with the 17D vaccine strain in brain tissue from one recipient and seroconversion after transplantation in three recipients. Two patients recovered and two patients had no neurological recovery and died. 3 days before organ procurement, the organ donor received a blood transfusion from a donor who had received a yellow fever vaccine 6 days before blood donation. INTERPRETATION: This investigation substantiates the use of metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the broad-based detection of rare or unexpected pathogens. Health-care workers providing vaccinations should inform patients of the need to defer blood donation for at least 2 weeks after receiving a yellow fever vaccine. Despite mitigation strategies and safety interventions, a low risk of transfusion-transmitted infections remains. FUNDING: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and the CDC Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Cooperative Agreement for Infectious Diseases

The New Regionalism: Essays and Commentaries

Edited by Charles Reagan Wilson University Press of Mississippi (Hardcover; $40.00; ISBN: 1578060133, 10/1998) A DIALOGUE AMONG SCHOLARS THAT REVEALS ISSUES AND ATTITUDES IN THE CONTEMPORARY RENAISSANCE OF REGIONAL STUDIES Interest in American regions has undergone a revival since the 1970s. This book presents views of key interpreters of the South, the West, New England, and the Midwest. Although they choose differing approaches and methodologies, they collectively explore the landscapes and peoples of regional cultures that long have been a significant factor in understanding American culture. The dynamic subject of regionalism fostered a popular and intellectual movement in the period between the world wars. Such notable figures as the sociologist Howard Odum, the historian Walter Prescott Webb, and the urban planner Lewis Mumford proposed theoretical bases for regional study and aspired to shape public policy in the New Deal era. These modernists were aware of the cultural crisis that shook western civilization after World War I. They saw regional cultures as models of the well-integrated communities that might offer hope to their disenchanted contemporaries. However, interest in regionalism declined in the 1950s, as the decade concerned itself with the view that consensus and homogenization would destroy regional identity. Through films, television, and novels set in different regions, American popular culture kept regional cultures in the national spotlight. By the 1970s, it was clear that regions not only had survived but also continued to play a prominent role in the shaping of cultural attitudes and political thought and behavior. The essays in this volume, papers presented at the Porter L. Fortune History Symposium at the University of Mississippi in 1993, are products of this new wave of scholarship. The New Regionalism the scholars discuss here focuses on the geography of place, the local context of differing physical environments, and the centrality of social relations that includes attention to the key concerns of race, class, and gender.https://egrove.olemiss.edu/mwp_books/1379/thumbnail.jp

Cajun South Louisiana

This essay investigates how a strong sense of French heritage has affected the development of the South Louisiana region. It provides an overview of "Cajun" culture, both in terms of its historical origins and its contemporary vestiges. The essay emphasizes such topics as class struggles, religious practices, artistic developments, industry, agriculture, and politics in south Louisiana

Routes of Reconciliation: Visiting Sites of Cultural Trauma in the US South, Northern Ireland, and South Africa

Charles Reagan Wilson considers connections between three sites of racial reconciliation work

Faulkner and the Southern Religious Culture

This paper argues that scholars have not adequately explored the relationship between Faulkner\u27s art and the South\u27s religious traditions. Religion was a significant aspect of the actual world that Faulkner translated into the apocryphal. H.L. Mencken coined the term Bible Belt to describe the South in the same era in which Faulkner wrote. Faulkner, though, like most Southern writers, was uncomfortable with, indeed critical of, the South\u27s predominant religion. Insights from those studying Southern religion would suggest an overemphasis by Faulkner scholars on Calvinism. Faulkner portrayed the South\u27s folk religion and its civil religion traditions, and these were crucial to his overall saga of Yoknapatawpha County

Religion and the US South

This guide investigates how "the South" has been an ideological and experiential focus for the development of distinctive religious forms and how some of the forms of religion identified with the South—evangelicalism, fundamentalism, pentecostalism—have dispersed throughout the nation

Judgment and Grace in Dixie: Southern Faiths from Faulkner to Elvis

Nonfiction by Charles Reagan Wilson University of Georgia Press (Paperback: $14.95, ISBN: 0820319074, 3/1997) (Reprint edition) In the essays collected in Judgment and Grace in Dixie, Charles Reagan Wilson makes a lively appraisal of religion\u27s influence on such expressions of regional life as literature, music, and folk art, as well as on such public spectacles as football games and beauty pageants. Wilson\u27s focus is on popular religion ― evangelical Protestantism as embraced at the grassroots level, where distinctions between the sacred and secular are blurred and belief in the supernatural remains strong. As he traces the development and meaning of popular religion, Wilson ranges widely across a spiritual landscape rich in accumulations of people, places, events, and artifacts: church fans and Elvis Presley memorabilia, an African-American graveyard in the Mississippi Delta and a 27,000 member Baptist congregation in Dallas, the paintings of Howard Finster and the songs of Hank Williams, the Scopes trial and the death of Bear Bryant.https://egrove.olemiss.edu/mwp_books/1170/thumbnail.jp