Earmarking government revenues in Colombia

This paper has two broad objectives. The first is the examination of the trends in the size and structure of earmarking since 1970, illuminating the major changes and their causes. The second is an evaluation of the major examples of earmarking with a view toward making recommendations for change. In making recommendations for reducing the scope of earmarking in Colombia, several principles should be used for guidance: (a) is there a substantial overlap between the beneficiaries and the tax/price payers for any given government service; (b) do the tax/price arrangements appear to be leading to appropriate levels of the service over time; and (c) are resources being utilized effectively for the purpose intended. The remainder of the paper is divided into four parts: (a) time series data on the size and structure of earmarking during the last two decades; (b) factors behind the popularity of earmarking in Colombia and a review of the findings and recommendations of two major government commissions which have examined the subject; (c) a critical review of the major examples which make up over 90% of total earmarking; and (d) a summary of major findings and recommendations for changes.Economic Theory&Research,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,National Governance,Banks&Banking Reform

Análisis de la distribución del tamaño de partícula de agregados de porfirinas por dispersión dinámica de luz

Porphyrins are essential compounds involved in a variety of processes,the formation of its aggregates received considerable interest dueto the different optical and electronic applications. The distribution of theparticle size is a critical property for characterizing systems of particlesin suspension of molecular aggregates. In this paper we studied the distributionof the particle size of aggregates of tetracarboxyphenylprophyrinsof Zn (TCPPZn) and Cu (TCPPCu). Compounds were synthesized usingthe methodology developed by Achar. Compounds were characterized byUV-Vis spectrophotometry and the particle size in solution was determinedthrough Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Spectrophotometry resultsshowed typical signals to tetracarboxyphenylprophyrins, furthermore, thestudy of aggregate size showed a mean value of 5419 nm for aggregatesof TCPPZn while for TCPPCu was 5560 nm.La formación de sus agregados recibe considerable interésdebido a las distintas aplicaciones ópticas y electrónicas. La distribucióndel tamaño de partícula es una propiedad fundamental para caracterizarsistemas de partículas en suspensión de agregados moleculares. En estetrabajo se estudió la distribución del tamaño de partícula de agregados detetracarboxifenilporfirinas de Zn (TCPPZn) y Cu (TCPPCu) en solución.Los compuestos fueron sintetizadas utilizando la metodología desarrolladapor Achar. Las tetracarboxifenilporfirinas fueron caracterizadas porespectrofotometría y el tamaño de partícula en solución fue determinadopor Espectroscopia de Correlación Fotónica (ECF). Los resultados deespectro fotometría mostraron las señales características de tetracarboxifenilporfirinas;adicionalmente el estudio del tamaño de agregados mostróun valor promedio de 5419 nm para los agregados de TCPPZn, mientrasque para la TCPPCu fue de 5560 nm

Concert recording 2017-09-28

[Track 1]. Sonata in A major. Andante Gigue / Domenico Zipoli -- [Track 2]. Satori / Seiji Asato -- [Track 3]. Entre olvidos / Fernando Fernández Muñoz -- [Track 4]. La luna en los Andes [Track 5]. Suite for two oboes and English horn / Teófilo Alvarez Alvarez arranged by Wielgus -- [Track 6]. Vignettes / William Grant Still -- [Track 7]. Variaciones para mi amiga Aki / Francisco B. Pulgar Vidal -- [Track 8]. Peruvian jazz suite. Preludio andino Marinera Huayno / Leonardo Mendoza -- [Track 9]. El condor pasa / Daniel Alomia Robles arr. Victor Hug

Phthalocyanines: Alternative Sensitizers of TiO2 to be Used in Photocatalysis

Currently, titanium dioxide is a most researched semiconductor in photocatalysis field; however, practical applications of TiO2 are limited due to high band gap (3.2 eV). In last decades, researchers implemented several strategies to improve photoactivity of TiO2 in visible electromagnetic spectrum. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) sensitization for absorption of naturals and/or synthetics organic dyes is an important research subject in the field, and it is an efficient method to develop practical application in waste treatment. In this chapter, we review main theoretical aspects of sensitization process of TiO2 by phthalocyanines and its effect in photocatalytic properties. In the last section, we review reports of photocatalytic systems

Caracterización fisicoquímica del sistema Mo/CuInS2/Zn(O,OH)S/ZnO por medio de espectroscopía fotoelectrónica XPS y AES

Volume and surface spectroscopy techniques are reliable analytical methods to characterize thin films of different materials. This paper presents results related to the composition of the absorbing film (CuInS2) and the Zn(O,OH)S buffer film within the Mo/CuInS2/Zn(O,OH)S/ZnO system. CuInS2 and ZnS films were synthesized per co-evaporation and chemical bath deposition (CBD) respectively. The system was characterized through an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and studied through the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The results of the XPS indicated that the buffer film covered uniformly the CuInS2 surface, and we were able to verify that this film is created by a mixture of different compounds. Finally, the AES characterization allowed us to determine the composition of each one of the films of the photovoltaic system.Las técnicas de espectroscopía en volumen y superficie son métodos analíticos muy confiables para realizar la caracterización de películas delgadas de diferentes materiales; en este trabajo se presentan resultados relacionados con la composición de la capa absorbente (CuInS2) y la capa buffer Zn(O,OH)S en el sistema Mo/CuInS2/Zn(O,OH)S/ZnO.Las capas de CuInS2 y ZnS fueron sintetizadas por co-evaporación y deposición de baño químico (CBD) respectivamente, el sistema fue caracterizado por medio de espectroscopia fotoelectrónica de rayos X (XPS) y todo el sistema fue estudiado por medio de espectroscopia electrónica Auger (AES). Los resultados de XPS indicaron que la capa buffer cubrió uniformemente la superficie de CuInS2, además se verificó que la capa buffer esta compuesta por una mezcla de diferentes compuestos. Finalmente la caracterización por AES en profundidad permitió determinar la composición de cada una de las películas del sistema fotovoltáico