Universals and Wittgenstein's theory of family resemblance

Includes bibliographical references.The position which has been taken in this thesis is that Ludwig Wittgenstein's answer to the problem of universals is an alternative view to both the Identity and Resemblance Theories. The problem of universals, which has been presented in this thesis, is: what is the sufficient explanation of the relationship between objects which justifies men's conventional classifications of such objects into general or universal groups? The use of general terms is justified by showing the connection or relationship between objects since any such relationship would explain why men consider individual objects to be of the same Universal class. Two traditional views concerning this problem, the theories of Identity and Resemblance have been examined in this thesis, and both have been found to be insufficient as answers to the problem. Both of these views have been historically important in the philosophical study of universals However, the Identity Theory, as expressed by Panayot Butchvarov, is inadequate to explain variations and orders of qualities in generically identical groups. Likewise, the other traditional view, the Resemblance Theory given by Berkeley and Hume, is also insufficient as an explanation because it fails to consider the ontological relation between objects apart from man's claim that there is or is not a similarity between certain objects. Wittgenstein's answer to the problem of universals is his theory of "family resemblance." In Wittgenstein's view, when a person investigates the use of general terms, he should examine the overall resemblance rather than attempting to find one quality which is identical in all objects designated in a universal class. The Wittgensteinian position is, therefore, that general terms not only distinguish a group of objects, but also call our attention to qualities which are not identical but which do exist by degrees and variations in entities classified in a common category.M.A. (Master of Arts

A Study of Leaping in

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How ought we live?: the ongoing deconstruction of our values

This thesis addresses one of the oldest and most fundamental of ethical problems: “How ought we live?” This thesis also investigates a solution to the problem, however, the solution does not prescribe how we ought to live within our milieu other than through offering contemporary examples. Rather, the aim is to develop a solution that is irreducible to any single historical milieu. The research method used is a Deleuzian rhizomatic (or horizontal) approach, which involves the renovation and creation of concepts that aim to solve the problem in an expanding network of connections. The rhizome contains no conclusion (or end point), only the concepts it contains. Various thinkers from diverse traditions in philosophy have been fused together in order to understand and solve the problem. The solution amounts to a philosophical concept (or sense) of what it means to live an ethical life. This concept of ethics involves the diagnostic identification of trivial (or harmful) interests being pursued at the sacrifice of other interests of greater value. After an ethical deficit has been identified, a change in priorities is needed. This concept involves the ongoing transformation of our values in ethically richer (or better, just, etc.) directions. An ethical life is understood as the ongoing pursuit of important interests, if not the most important among important interests, in absence of any fixed values and interests to rely upon. The philosophical solution is expressed in multiple ways, such as diagnostic trans-evaluation, problem-solving, the pursuit of value in a world without fixed values, emergency medicine, etc. Our philosophical concept of ethics is also extended and developed in relation to sociology (or history), deconstruction and tragedy. Each extension adds to the concept, taking ethics into new and different directions. Taken together, the four main components of this thesis (the macro-sociological, the philosophical, the deconstructive and the tragic) construct a wider ethical concept (or rhizome) populated by a network of diverse concepts linked by the problem

Abstract Title of dissertation USING JOIN NETWORKS TO COMPUTE SATISFIABILITY

Satisfiability (SAT) of propositional logic formulas is a canonical NP-complete problem; algorithms for its solution have been studied for over forty years. The representational power of propositional logic allows a host of research and real-world problems to be solved using SAT solvers: some prominent areas of application include mathematics, circuit design and verification, and AI planning. One technique receiving increasing recent attention is the use of quantified repre-sentations for SAT problems. Quantified representations are often more intuitive to use, can require exponentially less space, and in many cases allow speedup through their elimination of isomorphism. This dissertation explores the use of networks of joins op-erating upon quantified representations to compute key solver functions, including unit propagation and atom choice. The complexity of computing these functions using join networks becomes dependent upon the size of the truth assignment, or potential model explored at a given search space node. Because models are relatively small for most problems of interest, we show efficiency gains in these cases. c ○ Copyright b

A Transcription of the Lectionary of Codex Zacynthius

The file attached to this record is a transcription of Codex Zacynthius (Cambridge, University Library, MS Add. 10062; Gregory-Aland L299). It was made from colour digital images by members of the Codex Zacynthius Project in 2018–2020, using the Online Transcription Editor in the Workspace for Collaborative Editing. The XML encoding follows the TEI P5 Guidelines. Further details are provided in the TEI header of the file. This transcription is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0). The electronic edition, using transcription files generated from this XML, is available at https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-10062/