Book Review: A History of the American Constitution. by Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry.

Book review: A History of the American Constitution. By Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing. 1990. Pp. xxii, 458. Reviewed by: William M. Wiecek

Book Review: A History of the American Constitution. by Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry.

Book review: A History of the American Constitution. By Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing. 1990. Pp. xxii, 458. Reviewed by: William M. Wiecek

Is There a Canon of Constitutional History?

Symposium: The Canon(s) of Constitutional La

Emergence of Equality as a Constitutional Value: The First Century

Equality as a constitutional value was unprecedented when it made its appearance in 1868 in the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It reflected antebellum abolitionist ideals adopted hesitantly by Northern Republicans during Reconstruction, but these were incompatible with the expectations of most white Americans of the era, as well as with all previous American experiences. In this sense, equality was a revolutionary constitutional value. The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment intended the Equal Protection Clause and its embedded ideal of interracial equality to reverse the racist dicta of the Dred Scott opinion, to validate the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and to empower Congress to suppress counterrevolutionary violence aimed at the freedpeople and Unionists throughout the South. Regrettably, though, the United States Supreme Court betrayed these intentions in a series of restrictive decisions between 1873 and 1905 that had the effect of constitutionalizing the forms of apartheid and servitude that emerged in this era to subordinate African Americans

RFRL Gym: A Reinforcement Learning Testbed for Cognitive Radio Applications

Radio Frequency Reinforcement Learning (RFRL) is anticipated to be a widely applicable technology in the next generation of wireless communication systems, particularly 6G and next-gen military communications. Given this, our research is focused on developing a tool to promote the development of RFRL techniques that leverage spectrum sensing. In particular, the tool was designed to address two cognitive radio applications, specifically dynamic spectrum access and jamming. In order to train and test reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms for these applications, a simulation environment is necessary to simulate the conditions that an agent will encounter within the Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum. In this paper, such an environment has been developed, herein referred to as the RFRL Gym. Through the RFRL Gym, users can design their own scenarios to model what an RL agent may encounter within the RF spectrum as well as experiment with different spectrum sensing techniques. Additionally, the RFRL Gym is a subclass of OpenAI gym, enabling the use of third-party ML/RL Libraries. We plan to open-source this codebase to enable other researchers to utilize the RFRL Gym to test their own scenarios and RL algorithms, ultimately leading to the advancement of RL research in the wireless communications domain. This paper describes in further detail the components of the Gym, results from example scenarios, and plans for future additions. Index Terms-machine learning, reinforcement learning, wireless communications, dynamic spectrum access, OpenAI gy