Federal Procedure- Habeas Corpus-Custody as a Prerequisite for Jurisdiction

Having exhausted his state remedies in seeking a reversal of a 1954 conviction for forgery, petitioner applied in May 1956 for a writ of habeas corpus in a federal district court alleging, inter alia, that his conviction without benefit of counsel was a denial of due process under the fourteenth amendment. After dismissal by that court and affirmance by the court of appeals, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in March 1959. Pending a decision, petitioner completed his sentence and was released from prison. In a per curiam opinion, held, dismissed, four Justices dissenting. In a habeas corpus proceeding the Court is without jurisdiction if the petitioner is not in custody at the time the judgment will become effective. Parker v. Ellis, 362 U.S. 574 (1960)

Constitutional Law - Equal Protection - Racial Discrimination and the Role of the State

Constitutional history from the 1857 Dred Scott decision to the 1954 Brown decision records a movement from status to contract for the American Negro. Although uncertainty clouds the definition of state action, the civil rights of the Negro under the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment have been clearly established. The Negro citizen has arrived; the Negro minority group remains one of the gravest social problems of twentieth century America. De facto school segregation, limited economic opportunity, and inadequate housing are problems not solved by invocation of the fourteenth amendment or incantation of the Declaration of Independence. Solution, if any there is to be, must come either through the activity of private interests in society or through the exercise of the police power of the state. In either event the fourteenth amendment, while remaining important as a conserver of values already established, will decline in importance as a creative force. Through an analysis of a limited but important social problem - the lack of adequate interracial housing for middle-class Negroes-this comment will attempt to develop a rationale to justify the use of the state\u27s police power generally in solving social problems resulting from private race discrimination and to suggest a viable form in which that power may be exercised

Going Small: Using Biophysical Screening to Implement Fragment Based Drug Discovery

Screening against biochemical targets with compact chemical fragments has developed a reputation as a successful early‐stage drug discovery approach, thanks to recent drug approvals. Having weak initial target affinities, fragments require the use of sensitive biophysical technologies (NMR, SPR, thermal shift, ITC, and X‐ray crystallography) to accommodate the practical limits of going smaller. Application of optimized fragment biophysical screening approaches now routinely allows for the rapid identification of fragments with high binding efficiencies. The aim of this chapter is to provide an introduction to fragment library selection and to discuss the suitability of screening approaches adapted for lower‐throughput biophysical techniques. A general description of metrics that are being used in the progression of fragment hits, the need for orthogonal assay testing, and guidance on potential pitfalls are included to assist scientists, considering initiating their own fragment discovery program

Possible Uses of Animal Databases for Further Statistical Evaluation and Modeling

Many studies have been performed in animals which mimic potential exposures of people in order to understand how factors modify radiation dose-response relationships. Cooperative analyses by investigators in different laboratories have a large potential for strengthening the conclusions that can be drawn from individual studies. When information on each animal is combined, then formal tests can be made to demonstrate that apparent consistencies or inconsistencies are statistically significant. Statistical methods must be carefully chosen so that differences between laboratories or studies can be controlled or described as part of the analysis in the interpretation of the conclusions. In this report, the example of bone cancer of the large number of studies of modifying factors for bone cancer available from studies in US and European laboratories