The influence of dietary energy level and biological type on performance and carcass traits of feedlot cattle

Data from 144 steer calves of two breed groups, Hereford and Continental (Charolais and Simmental crosses), formed the basis of this study. The steers were purchased through graded feeder calf sales in Tennessee and were considered representative of their respective breed group. The steers were randomly divided by breed into three frame groups; small, average and large. Within each frame-breed group, animals were randomly assigned to one of three diet groups representing three levels of energy. Treatment one consisted of whole shelled corn supplemented with Tend-R-Leen ® fed throughout the study. Treatment two groups were fed corn silage and a concentrate mixture of ground shelled corn and a commercial protein supplement. Steers in treatment three were fed a protein supplemented corn silage until 75% of the predicted slaughter weight had been obtained and then switched to the whole shelled corn and Tend-R-Leen ® diet utilized in treatment one. The steers were weighed and u1trasonica1 1y evaluated for 12th rib fat thickness at 14 day intervals until reaching 12 mm of subcutaneous fat at which time they were slaughtered. Days on feed and average daily gain were calculated and the carcass traits of 12th rib fat, ribeye area, internal fat deposition, marbling score, quality grade and yield grade were recorded. It was found by least squares analysis that breed group influenced (P\u3c.001) final weight and days required to reach the desired compositional endpoint. Cattle of Continental breeding displayed heavier slaughter weights and required more time to reach the 12 mm slaughter point. No differences in average daily gain were found (P\u3e.10) between the two breed groups. Least squares analysis revealed that variation in dietary energy levels accounted for significant variation (P\u3c.01) for both breed groups in the performance traits measured. Increasing the level of energy in the diet resulted in a decrease in final weight and shortened the time required to reach the compositional endpoint, while increasing the average daily gain. Dividing the diet into two stages, as in treatment three, resulted in an increase in days on feed with no advantage in final weight or average daily gain when compared to treatment two. For the carcass traits measured, least squares analysis reveals breed group affects (P\u3c.05) 12th rib fat, ribeye area and internal fat. Steers of Continental breeding had less subcutaneous fat, larger ribeye areas and greater internal fat deposition than cattle of Hereford type. However, when ribeye area is expressed on a 100 kg carcass weight basis there was no difference (P\u3c.10) found between groups. No differences were found in marbling score, quality grade or yield grade. Dietary energy levels were revealed through least squares analysis to impact on the carcass traits recorded. Use of the high energy shelled corn ration in treatments one and three resulted in increased ribeye area and more desirable yield grades than treatment two. Increasing the level of energy in the diet also resulted in increased 12th rib fat, decreased internal fat and higher quality grades. Energy level did not influence marbling scores, nor was there a difference noted in ribeye area when compared on an equivalent carcass weight basis

Dopamine and cAMP Regulated Phosphoprotein, 32 kDA: A Novel Therapeutic in Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant cause of death and disability in industrialized countries. Of particular importance to patients is the chronic effect that TBI has on cognitive function. Therapeutic strategies have been difficult to evaluate because of the complexity of injuries and variety of patient presentations within a TBI population. Experimental therapies based upon cortical and hippocampal neuroprotection have not translated clinically. However, pharmacotherapies targeting dopamine (DA) have consistently shown benefits in attention, behavioral outcome, executive function, and memory. Striatal damage causes deficits in executive function, learning, and memory. Dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein 32 (DARPP-32), expressed within striatal medium spiny neurons, is known to regulate several substrates of cognition. We found that controlled cortical impact injury in rats produces a chronic decrease in DARPP-32 threonine-34 phosphorylation and increase in protein phosphatase-1 activity. There is no effect of injury on threonine-75 phosphorylation or DARPP-32 protein. Amantadine has known benefits on post-TBI cognitive deficits and when given daily for two weeks reversed the DARPP-32 and protein phosphatase-1 changes. Amantadine also decreased the phosphorylation of threonine-75 consistent with activity as a partial N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist and partial dopamine agonist. FK-506, also known as tacrolimus, is a calcineurin inhibitor that has been shown to decrease cell death in the hippocampus following a fluid percussion experimental TBI. Calcineurin is also an important regulator of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the striatum. We evaluated the effect of FK-506 on the hippocampus and DARPP-32 in the striatum to better detail its effects after a TBI. An acute administration of FK-506 following controlled cortical impact reversed the effects of TBI on DARPP-32 phosphorylation seen chronically. We then evaluated the effect of a combined drug therapy on cognitive deficits post TBI. An acute treatment with FK-506 post TBI followed by chronic Amantadine therapy demonstrated an improvement in both motor behavior and Morris water maze deficits seen following TBI. Neither drug produced benefit when given alone. These data demonstrate that DARPP-32 represents a promising new therapeutic target for TBI induced cognitive deficits

Toward a Competency Model for Directors of Management and Executive Development

In addition to academic programs, many universities across the country offer continuing professional development courses and programs through centers focused on management and executive development. Although these centers fall under the broad umbrella of continuing education, the location of these centers in schools of business or public affairs and their program emphasis on management development cause these centers to differ from traditional divisions of continuing education. The general dividing line between management/executive development and continuing education lies in audience focus and reporting hierarchy within the institution

Artificial intelligence: arguments for catastrophic risk

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has drawn attention to the technology's transformative potential, including what some see as its prospects for causing large-scale harm. We review two influential arguments purporting to show how AI could pose catastrophic risks. The first argument — the Problem of Power-Seeking — claims that, under certain assumptions, advanced AI systems are likely to engage in dangerous power-seeking behavior in pursuit of their goals. We review reasons for thinking that AI systems might seek power, that they might obtain it, that this could lead to catastrophe, and that we might build and deploy such systems anyway. The second argument claims that the development of human-level AI will unlock rapid further progress, culminating in AI systems far more capable than any human — this is the Singularity Hypothesis. Power-seeking behavior on the part of such systems might be particularly dangerous. We discuss a variety of objections to both arguments and conclude by assessing the state of the debate

Prospectus, September 20, 1971

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Recidivism and Inmate Mental Illness

Purpose: With over 700,000 mentally ill inmates are held in U.S. jails and prisons, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the effect of mental illness among released prisoners on a series of re-entry recidivism outcomes.Methods: Using a cohort of 200,889 inmates released from Florida prisons from 2004 to 2011, several recidivism outcomes are examined among 40,145 individuals with a mental health diagnosis and 10,826 with a serious mental illness are compared with inmates without a mental illness diagnosis. We control for a host of factors known to influence recidivism outcomes using binary logistic regression for one, two, and three year follow-up periods and survival analysis to assess the timing to recidivism.Results: Inmates diagnosed with any type of mental illness are significantly more likely to recidivate and among inmates with a mental illness, those diagnosed with a serious mental condition are significantly more likely to recidivate than those with a less serious mental illness diagnosis.Conclusions: Policies and practices need to ensure that in-prison and community mental health systems have sufficient resources and capacity to adequately address the needs of inmates with mental health issues to reduce the likelihood of these individuals re-offending and ultimately returning to prison

What Happens When Investigating A Crime Takes Up Too Much Time? An Examination of How Optimal Law Enforcement Theory Impacts Sentencing

Previous research finds that variations in sentencing outcomes still exist among similarly situated individuals, especially among drug offenders. While courtroom actors are often the focus of sentencing disparities, law enforcement officers are rarely studied. This is problematic because criminological research has yet to explore whether law enforcement could influence sentencing decisions. The current study aims to discover the influence of a previously ignored legal variable, investigation workload, on sentence length and directly examine an untested criminal justice theory, Optimal Law Enforcement Theory. This study will explore these overlooked concepts with a rare dataset that contains information on individuals convicted of prescription drug trafficking in Florida from 2011-2013. We find that investigation workload does influence sentencing, with offenders convicted from a high police workload being significantly more likely to experience longer sentences than offenders convicted from a low investigation workload. Limitations and policy implications are also discussed