291 research outputs found
Grain boundary melting in ice
We describe an optical scattering study of grain boundary premelting in water
ice. Ubiquitous long ranged attractive polarization forces act to suppress
grain boundary melting whereas repulsive forces originating in screened Coulomb
interactions and classical colligative effects enhance it. The liquid enhancing
effects can be manipulated by adding dopant ions to the system. For all
measured grain boundaries this leads to increasing premelted film thickness
with increasing electrolyte concentration. Although we understand that the
interfacial surface charge densities and solute concentrations can
potentially dominate the film thickness, we can not directly measure them
within a given grain boundary. Therefore, as a framework for interpreting the
data we consider two appropriate dependent limits; one is dominated by
the colligative effect and one is dominated by electrostatic interactions.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
A direct optical method for the study of grain boundary melting
The structure and evolution of grain boundaries underlies the nature of
polycrystalline materials. Here we describe an experimental apparatus and light
reflection technique for measuring disorder at grain boundaries in optically
clear material, in thermodynamic equilibrium. The approach is demonstrated on
ice bicrystals. Crystallographic orientation is measured for each ice sample.
The type and concentration of impurity in the liquid can be controlled and the
temperature can be continuously recorded and controlled over a range near the
melting point. The general methodology is appropriate for a wide variety of
materials.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, updated with minor changes made to published
versio
The Deformation of an Elastic Substrate by a Three-Phase Contact Line
Young's classic analysis of the equilibrium of a three-phase contact line
ignores the out-of-plane component of the liquid-vapor surface tension. While
it has long been appreciated that this unresolved force must be balanced by
elastic deformation of the solid substrate, a definitive analysis has remained
elusive because conventional idealizations of the substrate imply a divergence
of stress at the contact line. While a number of theories of have been
presented to cut off the divergence, none of them have provided reasonable
agreement with experimental data. We measure surface and bulk deformation of a
thin elastic film near a three-phase contact line using fluorescence confocal
microscopy. The out-of-plane deformation is well fit by a linear elastic theory
incorporating an out-of-plane restoring force due to the surface tension of the
gel. This theory predicts that the deformation profile near the contact line is
scale-free and independent of the substrate elastic modulus.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Survey of University of California Academics\u27 Attitudes Regarding the Impact of Escaped Horticultural Introductions on Wildlands
In order to investigate whether there were differences in attitudes and perceptions within the University of California regarding the impact of introduced ornamental plants, we conducted a survey of academics with assignments in natural resource programs or ornamental horticulture. In general, the ornamental horticulture academics did not view the problem of invasive species as severely as the natural resource academics, but the both groups recognize that non-native landscape ornamentals now occur and can affect California\u27s wildlands. These data can be used to provide training to academics on this issue and help facilitate discussion between the different groups
Cyclotron resonance of correlated electrons in semiconductor heterostructures
The cyclotron resonance absorption of two-dimensional electrons in
semiconductor heterostructures in high magnetic fields is investigated. It is
assumed that the ionized impurity potential is a dominant scattering mechanism,
and the theory explicitly takes the Coulomb correlation effect into account
through the Wigner phonons. The cyclotron resonance linewidth is in
quantitative agreement with the experiment in the Wigner crystal regime at
T=4.2K. Similar to the cyclotron resonance theory of the charge density waves
pinned by short-range impurities, the present results for the long-range
scattering also show the doubling of the resonance peaks. However, unlike the
case of the charge density waves, our theory gives the pinning mode independent
of the bulk compressibility of the substrate materials.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
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