Culture as regional attraction - migration decisions of highly educated in a Swedish context.

Recent research shows that labour market related factors are becoming less important as reasons behind migration in Sweden. Factors that relate to the regional milieu are on the other hand becoming more important. This, together with the fact that culturally active groups in the population (e.g. people with higher education and retirees) are growing, has given rise to the notion that culture is of increasing regional importance. Culture is in some political contexts assumed to attract residents, tourists and firms and thus increase the quality of life, employment as well as the creativity of the population. It's also thought to strengthen the regional identity. There are however processes that complicates this line of reasoning. People are becoming more mobile; they commute over longer distances, they travel more and they often reside in more than one place. Culture on the other hand is becoming more easily accessible through different electronic media thus over bridging geographical distances. Both these processes challenge the role of the regional. The objectives of the paper are: 1) to investigate the importance of the cultural infrastructure in relation to other regional and individual conditions when people choose home region and 2) to study the complexity of this choice, not only considering individual preferences but also exploring the importance of work, mobility and recreational activities. The paper presents a theoretical model of what factors are of importance when people choose home region. The theoretical framework is in part based on Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of economic, social and symbolic (cultural) capital. The nature and magnitude of these individual assets are thought to be of importance when choosing home region. The paper further more recognizes that these forms of capital can be more or less geographically embedded. Geographically embedded assets has in migration literature been called insider advantages, a concept discussed and developed in the paper. Insider advantages are assets that are impossible or costly to bring, replace or make use of in another region, e.g. real estate property, friends, work colleagues, the local choir or knowledge about a place. The larger insider advantages a person has got, the larger the cost of moving. The study is based on a questionnaire sent to 3,000 persons, 30 to 35 years residing in Sweden 2001. The study involves people with degrees in civil engineering, fine arts, media-communication, teaching (upper-secondary schoolteachers) and an additional group of people with upper secondary education as highest education. The paper argues that the capacity to attract people by offering a good quality of life is of crucial importance for regional competitiveness. In studying regional attractiveness, it's important not only to consider what makes people move to a certain region but also what makes people willing to stay. It further more argues that the explanations should be sought in a mix of individual and regional factors as well as in the social and geographical context of the individual.

Universiteten och kompetenslandskapet : Effekter av den högre utbildningens tillväxt och regionala spridning i Sverige

Important goals in Swedish higher education policy, from the late 1960s all through the 1990s, have been to increase the accessibility to higher education and to increase the supply of newly educated labour in all parts of the country. These goals are based on the assumption that geographical distance matters. Geographical distance to universities is thought to act as a barrier to university entrance. Apart from the pure distance-based geographical bias in student enrolment, it is also often maintained that geographical distance contributes to the social and age biases. It is frequently also assumed that geographical distance persuades graduates to stay in their respective study regions after graduation, thus increasing the level of education in the region. These assumptions imply that a geographical decentralization of the higher education system is desirable from a regional policy perspective. The objective of this study is to assess what influence the location and scope of education institutions exert on the regional recruitment of students to higher education, on the choice of institution and educational programme and on the regional supply of highly educated labour. An overall aim of the study is to discuss whether the expansion of higher education during the 1980s and 1990s did affect the regional recruitment to higher studies and the supply of highly educated labour at a regional level. The study is based partly on regionally aggregated statistics, partly on data on university entrants and graduates at an individual level. The study shows that the accessibility to higher education is of significant importance in explaining regional recruitment patterns. In regions where the accessibility is high a greater share of the population entering higher education. Furthermore the increase in recruitment density over time is larger in regions where the relative accessibility to higher education increased more. The study provides but weak empirical support for the assumption that geographical distance constitutes a greater barrier for those from non-academic homes. A general conclusion is that the differences between social groups are small, smaller than e.g. the differences between age groups. Rather it is more likely that in each social group, there are individuals on the margins when it comes to grades and educational ambitions, and for which geographical distance may present a greater barrier. The location and scope of universities is also proven to be of importance in explaining the regional distribution of highly educated labour