Uji mikroplat aktivitas enzim esterase untuk mendeteksi resistensi Anopheles aconitus terhadap insektisida organofosfat

Non specific esterase are known to be important detoxification enzyme contributing to development of insecticides resistance in mosquitoes. Elevated esterase activity is one of the mechanisms of resistance to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides in the mosquitoes. Such metabolic resistance can be detected by a microplate assay method. Mosquitoes vector resistance can occurs as a result of continuous exposure to the insecticide. Organophosphate insecticide has been used in the vector control program on Anopheles. aconitus, the malaria vector in Jepara Regency since 1983. The use of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides for five years for controlling Anopheles nigerrimus in Srilanka contribute to the selective resistance. This could happen to the population of An. aconitus in Jepara Regency. The objectives of this studies was to determine the potency of An. aconitus from Jepara Regency to be resistant to organophosphate insecticide related to esterase activity mechanism. The study methods used was biochemical assays (microplate assays )for elevated esterase. The level of esterases in larvae was determined using a and b naphthyl acetate, as the substrate andFast Blue B as the coupling reagent. The esterase activity was measured at 450 nm with Dytech ELISA plate reader. Microplate assay (Biochemical assays) on individual An. aconitus from Mlonggo II and Bangsri III subdistrics revealed that 12,9% and 28,6% population was resistant to organophosphate insecticide. The result showed that there was significant difference of elevated of esterase activity with both a and b naphthylacetate substrate hydrolysis, which appeared to be the major resistance mechanism in this multiple organophosphate resistant strain. Therefore the use of another insecticide group for vector control (An. aconitus) was suggested

Studi Aspek Entomologi Pasca Kejadian Luar Biasa (Klb) Dbd di Kabupaten Pati Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Studi aspek entomologi pasca KLB DBD dilakukan di Kelurahan Parenggan dan Kalidoro, KecamatanPati Kota (I), Kabupaten Pati. Tujuan studi adalah untuk mencari faktor-faktor apakah yang kemungkinandapat menunjang terjadinya KLB. Metode pengumpulan data entomologi dilakukan dengan survei jentik danpengujian resistensi vektor (Aedes aegypti) terhadap insektisida yang digunakan untuk fogging yaitu malathion 0,5 %, malathion 0,8 %, alphacypermethrin 0,1 % dan lambdasihalothrin 0,05 % dengan metode standarWHO impregnated paper. Hasil pemantauan jentik menghasilkan angka bebas jentik (ABJ) di KelurahanKalidoro sebesar 63,79 % dan Kelurahan Parenggan 37,74 % jauh dari standart ABJ nasional 95 %. HasilContainer Index, House Index dan Breteau Index di Kelurahan Kalidoro masing-masing sebesar 29,55 %,36,21 % dan 67,24 %, sedangkan di Kelurahan Parenggan masing-masing sebesar 55,24 %, 62,26 % dan109,43 %. Hasil uji kepekaan vektor terhadap insektisida menunjukkan bahwa di Kelurahan Kalidoro Ae.aegypti telah resistensi terhadap insektisida malathion 0,5 %, malathion 0,8 %, alphacypermethrin 0,1 % dan lambdasihalothrin 0,05 % dengan kematian sebesar masing-masing sebesar 0,0 %, 80,0 %, 50,0 % dan 5,0 %.Sedangkan di Kelurahan Parenggan Ae. aegypti telah resisten terhadap malathion 0,5 %, alphacypermethrin0,1 % dan lambdasihalothrin 0,05 % dengan kematian masing-masing sebesar: 0,0 %, 52,0 % dan 10,0% akan tetapi masih susceptibel/peka terhadap malathion 0,8 % (kematian 100%). Terjadinya resistensi Ae.aegypti terhadap insektisida yang dipakai fogging kemungkinan menyebabkan tingginya populasi Ae. aegyptidan rendahnya ABJ sehingga terjadi peningkatan kasus/KLB. House Index (HI) >5 dan Breteau Index (BI) >20 merupakan indikator infestasi vektor tinggi, sehingga merupakan daerah prioritas pengendalian. Kejadianluar biasa DBD di Kabupaten Pati berhubungan dengan beberapa faktor termasuk kepadatan populasinyamuk vektor.Kata Kunci : Angka Bebas Jentik (ABJ), Resistensi Aedes aegypti, CI, HI and BI

Evaluasi Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kabupaten Pati (Evaluation Study Of Policy Implementation Of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Prevention In Pati Regency)

Background: Increase in cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in 2007 was an outbreak (KLB) in Pati. Before theoutbreak occurred, in 2006, it had been published a policy of mosquito nest eradication movement (PSN) because ofthe increase in cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) during the year, and was followed by circulars and instructionsabout early warning against dengue to sub district level. This study aimed to evaluate the policy in 2006 before theoutbreak. Method: Data was collected through in-depth interviews with program holders, community leaders and inhabitant. Supporting data were the data obtained through tomological survey from house to house to check for the presence of dengue vector mosquito larvae. Results: The results showed that, after the mosquito nest eradication movement (PSN) and followed by the issuance of instructions and circulars regent in 2006, in 2007 the DHF cases were still increasing. The policy has not been followed by activities that support both the program level and the community level. Knowledge of the policy implementer in the village was not support yet to the policy goals. Monitoring results indicate that larvae-free number (ABJ) is still below the target set. Recommendation: To support the issuance of a policy that aims to raise awareness on dengue need a comprehensive effort on the implementation, form of activity, as well as the budget, so that the policy can be well done and merely an instruction

Uji Coba Larvisida Spherifix (Bacillus Sphaericus Vcrc B 42) Terhadap Larva Anopheles Sundaicus Di Gerumbul Klaces, Ujung Alang - Kabupaten Cilacap

A biological larvicide spherifix containing Bacillus sphaericus VCRC B 42 was investigated against Anopheles sundaicus in Klaces hamlet, Cilacap regency. This study was conducted to determine the effectivity of spherifix on An. sundaicus larvae at a dosage of 2.5 kg/Ha. Observations were conducted one day before application of the larvicide, 24, 36, 48 hours, day 4, 7, and 14 after application. The larval reduction rates were calculated using the formula of Mulia et al, 1971, and a reduction of the results were 16.69 % after 24 hours, 20.95 % after 36 hours, 34.07 % after 48 hours, 65.08 % after 4 days, 85.98 % after 7 days, and 90.81 % after 14 days. B. sphaericus has capabilities to function as a biological larvicide

REGRESI KUANTIL (STUDI KASUS PADA DATA SUHU HARIAN)

Regresi merupakan teknik statistika untuk menentukan persamaan garis atau kurva dengan meminimumkan penyimpangan antara data pengamatan dan nilai-nilai dugaannya. Namun regresi dengan Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dianggap kurang tepat untuk menganalisis sejumlah data yang tidak simetris, karena nilai mean sebagai penduga bagi nilai tengah data menjadi sangat peka dengan adanya data outlier. Kemudian berkembanglah Median Regression dengan pendekatan LAD (Least Absolute Deviation) yang dikembangkan dengan mengganti pendekatan mean pada OLS menjadi median. Masalah selanjutnya adalah apabila terdapat kemungkinan bahwa kemiringan data bukan terletak pada mediannya melainkan pada potongan kuantil tertentu. Pendekatan dengan median dirasa kurang karena hanya melihat dua kelompok data yang dibagi pada nilai tengahnya saja. Sehingga berkembanglah metode Regresi Kuantil (Quantile Regression). Metode ini merupakan salah satu metode regresi dengan pendekatan memisahkan atau membagi data menjadi kuantil-kuantil tertentu dimana dicurigai terdapat perbedaan nilai dugaan. Untuk studi kasus pada makalah ini digunakan data suhu harian (hari ini dan kemarin) yang dalam diagram pencar terlihat tidak simetris dan dicurigai terjadi heteroskedastisitas

IMPLEMENTASI PENGENDALIAN VEKTOR DBD DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

ABSTRACT  Central Java Province is one of the provinces with considerable dengue cases in Indonesia. One of the strategic efforts that have been implemented is controlling mosquitoes with fogging and larviciding with temephos at water reservoirs. However, cases remain increase or outbreaks  occur in several districts/cities. The study was conducted to determine the causes of the high dengue fever cases in Central Java Province  as to improve the implementation of such programs. Data related to the implementation of vector control were collected from various sources. The results showed that the PSN program in several districts did not optimally run because the community did not routinely do it. Larviciding with temephos was only carried out in the event of outbreaks and in the endemic areas. Fogging, which should be implemented in two cycles, was generally implemented only in one cycle due to limited insecticides availability and wide area coverage. It can be concluded that the high dengue fever cases in Central Java Province was caused by the gap between the program and the implementation in the field. Keywords: Dengue vector, larvaciding, sogging   ABSTRAK Provinsi Jawa Tengah merupakan salah satu provinsi yang menyumbang kasus demam berdarah dengue (DBD) cukup besar di Indonesia. Salah satu upaya strategis yang telah dilakukan adalah mengendalikan nyamuk dengan pengasapan dan larvasidasi dengan temephos pada Tempat Penampungan Air (TPA). Upaya tersebut belum memberikan hasil yang optimal  karena masih terjadi peningkatan kasus atau Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) di beberapa kabupaten/kota. Kajian secara deskriptif dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran permasalahan tingginya kasus DBD di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dalam rangka perbaikan dan  pengembangan kebijakan pengendalian vektor DBD. Data dan informasi yang dikumpulkan berupa dokumen yang meliputi pelaksanaan pemberantasan sarang nyamuk (PSN), larvasidasi yang dilakukan, fogging, dan data lain yang berkaitan dengan pengendalian vektor. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa program PSN tidak berjalan optimal di beberapa kabupaten di Jawa Tengah karena masyarakat tidak melakukannya secara rutin. Larvasidasi dengan temephos hanya dilakukan pada saat terjadi KLB dan hanya di daerah endemis DBD. Fogging pada umumnya dilakukan hanya dalam satu siklus kehidupan vektor, yang mana seharusnya dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Hal ini disebabkan karena keterbatasan insektisida dan cakupan wilayah cukup luas. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingginya DBD di Provinsi Jawa Tengah disebabkan adanya kesenjangan antara program yang telah dicanangkan dengan implementasi di lapangan. Kata kunci: Vektor DBD, larvasidasi, pengasapa