Review of the current published evidence on single-dose HPV vaccination 3rd Edition

Prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been licensed for over ten years. They were initially administered as a three-dose regimen over a six-month period. In 2014, following a review of the evidence for dose reduction by the World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, a two-dose regimen for individuals aged younger than 15 years was recommended. Since that time, evidence from observational studies suggests that a single-dose HPV vaccine may also provide protection against HPVinfectionand its sequelae. The primary objective of this paperis to summarize and assess the current evidence fora single-dose HPV vaccination schedule. We also identify gaps that remain in determining whether a single dose could be sufficiently protective to have a major impact against HPV infection and its sequelae within the context of immunization programs.The evidence has been compiled by a working group of the Single-Dose HPV Vaccine Evaluation Consortium, whose members representtechnical depth, a wide global reach, and extensive expertise in immunization programs, HPV vaccine introductions, and vaccine policy. Coordinated by PATH, the Consortium includes the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Harvard University, the US National Cancer Institute, Université Laval, the University of British Columbia, and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute at the University of Witwatersrand. The Consortium leverages the experience of expert groups working in HPV vaccine and other vaccine introductions. Members represent groups that have actively generated evidence for HPV vaccine safety and efficacy,as well as post-licensure effectiveness and delivery.They have implemented HPV vaccine delivery programs in numerous countries, comprehensively evaluated the delivery and impact of HPV vaccine

Markers of allergic reactions to food based on activation of mast cells and basophils

Confirming an allergic reaction can be a challenge, and it is difficult to assess which patients may be at risk of anaphylaxis. Our objective has been to investigate and compare potential serum markers for diagnosis of allergic reactions and predicting susceptibility to severe reactions based on mast cell and basophil activation.Levels of tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase and DPPI were measured in serum and saliva from 92 children (8-18 y), before, during and after diagnostic food challenge. Levels were measured using ELISAs developed and validated in our laboratory. Results were analyzed with respect to challenge outcome, and severity of reactions occurring in challenge and historically. Similar studies were performed using samples from 32 adults (17-72 y) undergoing diagnostic drug challenge. In addition, significant progress has been made towards development of new ELISA techniques for measurement of α-tryptase and ß-tryptase individually, and also for the basophil specific protease basogranulin.Serum DPPI levels were increased after moderate/severe reactions occurring in food challenge (p = 0.004). Levels of chymase in serum, and carboxypeptidase and DPPI in saliva, were elevated after positive drug challenge (p = 0.02 for all). Baseline serum levels of carboxypeptidase were predictive of severity of historical reactions to foods (p = 0.009) or drugs (p = 0.008); and concentrations of carboxypeptidase (p = 0.03) and DPPI (p = 0.02) were also associated with reaction severity in food challenge.The measurement of mast cell and basophil products should be useful not only in providing laboratory confirmation of an allergic reaction to food, but could also allow reactions to be characterized according to underlying disease mechanisms. The strong associations found between baseline levels of certain markers and the severity and nature of previous reactions raise the prospect of a test for identifying subjects who may be at particular risk of a severe reaction

Publisher Correction: Whole-genome sequencing of a sporadic primary immunodeficiency cohort (Nature, (2020), 583, 7814, (90-95), 10.1038/s41586-020-2265-1)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper