La precaria independencia de la judicatura peruana. La amovilidad judicial desde los inicios de la república hasta el reformismo castillista, 1824-1860

This article analyses laws and practices that limited judicial independence in Peru since de beginning of the republican period until the judicial reform carried out by Ramon Castilla during his second government. The article argues that far from being a liberal reform as others promoted by the 1856 Constitution, Castilla’s government tried to reinforce the historical dependency of judges to political power.Este artículo analiza la dependencia de la judicatura peruana del poder político a través del estudio de las leyes y prácticas referidas a la amovilidad judicial durante los primeros años de la república hasta la reforma al sistema judicial llevada adelante durante el segundo gobierno de Ramón Castilla. El artículo argumenta que lejos de ser una reforma de carácter liberal, como otras impulsadas por la Constitución de 1856, el gobierno de Castilla buscó limitar la independencia de los jueces profundizando en el sometimiento de estos al ejecutivo

The type II RAF inhibitor tovorafenib in relapsed/refractory pediatric low-grade glioma: the phase 2 FIREFLY-1 trial

BRAF genomic alterations are the most common oncogenic drivers in pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG). Arm 1 (n = 77) of the ongoing phase 2 FIREFLY-1 (PNOC026) trial investigated the efficacy of the oral, selective, central nervous system-penetrant, type II RAF inhibitor tovorafenib (420 mg m$^{-}$$^{2}$ once weekly; 600 mg maximum) in patients with BRAF-altered, relapsed/refractory pLGG. Arm 2 (n = 60) is an extension cohort, which provided treatment access for patients with RAF-altered pLGG after arm 1 closure. Based on independent review, according to Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology High-Grade Glioma (RANO-HGG) criteria, the overall response rate (ORR) of 67% met the arm 1 prespecified primary endpoint; median duration of response (DOR) was 16.6 months; and median time to response (TTR) was 3.0 months (secondary endpoints). Other select arm 1 secondary endpoints included ORR, DOR and TTR as assessed by Response Assessment in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Low-Grade Glioma (RAPNO) criteria and safety (assessed in all treated patients and the primary endpoint for arm 2, n = 137). The ORR according to RAPNO criteria (including minor responses) was 51%; median DOR was 13.8 months; and median TTR was 5.3 months. The most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were hair color changes (76%), elevated creatine phosphokinase (56%) and anemia (49%). Grade ≥3 TRAEs occurred in 42% of patients. Nine (7%) patients had TRAEs leading to discontinuation of tovorafenib. These data indicate that tovorafenib could be an effective therapy for BRAF-altered, relapsed/refractory pLGG. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT04775485

Mammal responses to global changes in human activity vary by trophic group and landscape

Wildlife must adapt to human presence to survive in the Anthropocene, so it is critical to understand species responses to humans in different contexts. We used camera trapping as a lens to view mammal responses to changes in human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across 163 species sampled in 102 projects around the world, changes in the amount and timing of animal activity varied widely. Under higher human activity, mammals were less active in undeveloped areas but unexpectedly more active in developed areas while exhibiting greater nocturnality. Carnivores were most sensitive, showing the strongest decreases in activity and greatest increases in nocturnality. Wildlife managers must consider how habituation and uneven sensitivity across species may cause fundamental differences in human–wildlife interactions along gradients of human influence.Peer reviewe

Carencias materiales, respetabilidad y prácticas judiciales en Perú durante los inicios de la República

This paper studies the material shortages faced by the Peruvian judicial power in the early years of the Republic and seeks to understand how these deficiencies affected the administration of justice. We argue that the goal of the authorities to create an independent, professional, and nationwide judicial power immediately after independence was unattainable, directly affecting the reputation of judges and formalizing a series of irregular practices surrounding the courts. Said practices did not disappear as the country gained greater political and economic stability.Este artigo estuda as carências materiais que o poder judicial peruano teve que enfrentar nos primeiros anos de vida republicana e procura entender como estas carências incidiram sobre a administração de justiça. Argumenta-se que a vontade das autoridades de criar um poder judicial independente, profissional e de presença nacional imediatamente após a conquista da independência acabou sendo impraticável, o que afetou diretamente a reputação dos juízes e formalizou uma série de práticas irregulares em torno dos tribunais de justiça, que não desapareceram, à medida que o país ganhou maior estabilidade política e econômica.Este artículo estudia las carencias materiales que tuvo que enfrentar el poder judicial peruano en los primeros años de vida republicana y busca entender cómo estas carencias incidieron sobre la administración de justicia. Se argumenta que la voluntad de las autoridades por crear un poder judicial independiente, profesional y de presencia nacional inmediatamente después de lograda la independencia resultó impracticable, lo que afectó de un modo directo la reputación de los jueces y formalizó una serie de prácticas irregulares en torno a los tribunales de justicia, que no desaparecieron, a medida que el país ganó mayor estabilidad política y económica