Historic Notes and Documents: The Spanish Dedication Tablets from San Marcos de Apalache

Several scholars have offered information and opinions on the date of construction of the Spanish stone fort and stone watchtower at San Marcos de Apalache.1 Two Spanish dedication tablets from the fort, presently in the collection of the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum, Palm Bach, have been cited in these attempts at temporal assignment, but there has been no scholarly attempt to doument the tablets or translate inscriptions on them.2 This essay presents information on the tablets, a transcription of the engraved tablet, comparison with similar architectural features, and some thoughts on the dating of the tablets and their bearing on the construction of the stone fort and stone watchtower at St. Marks

Postprandial And Fasting Lipopolysaccharide Levels In Healthy Hispanic Residents Of Southeast Texas With Positive Family History Of Type 2 Diabetes

PURPOSE: Healthy people with a family history (FH+) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) display impaired metabolic and microvascular function prior to glucose intolerance, and are at greater risk for developing T2D. While mechanisms to explain this disparity are lacking, it is possible that intestinal permeability plays a role, as it is also linked with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and chronic inflammation. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) act as an outer membrane component of gram-negative bacteria in intestines and play a role in inflammation and chronic disease when in circulation, thus serving as a surrogate measure of intestinal permeability. However, the link between FH+ health disparities and intestinal permeability has not been studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to quantify circulating plasma LPS in healthy FH+ and FH-. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, FH- (n=14) and FH+ (n=18) participants matched for age (24.4 ± 1.6 and 25.0 ± 2.3 respectively) and BMI (25.0 ± 1.1 and 25.0 ± 1.1 years respectively) had blood drawn while fasting, and 60-min after consuming a mixed composition meal to quantify changes in plasma LPS, and had body composition determined via iDXA. Other anthropogenic data were collected. RESULTS: Fasting LPS was lower in FH- than FH+ (p \u3c 0.5, 42.3ng/ml ± 5.3 and 48.1ng/ml ± 6.8 respectively) with postprandial LPS increasing more in FH- than FH+ (p\u3c0.05, +10.3ng/ml ± 3.1 and + 1.4ng/ml ± 3.1 respectively). No group differences (p\u3e0.5) were noted in blood pressure (115/69 and 116/69mmHG) LDL-c (4.3mmol/L and 4.4mmol/L), HDL-c (2.2mmol/L and 2.3mmol/L), body fat (29% and 28%), or android fat (30.4% and 30.7%) between FH- and FH+ groups respectively. CONCLUSION: Disparities noted for increase T2D risk in FH+ have been linked to microvascular and metabolic function, with mechanisms for these remaining elusive. However, differences in circulating LPS suggest varying intestinal permeability in these groups, which may help explain the varying risk for T2D. Further work to characterize intestinal microbiota may advance our understanding of health disparities in this and other high-risk populations

Cardiovascular Responses Differ Between Different Orders of Upper- and Lower-Body Resistance Exercise

Upper-body resistance exercise (RE) induces different cardiovascular responses compared to lower-body RE. However, combination of upper- and lower-body RE with different orders on cardiovascular responses are unclear. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of different orders of upper-and lower-body RE on cardiovascular responses in active men. METHODS: Thirteen active men (22±2 years old) participated in the study. Heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were assessed at rest, 15-20 (R1), and 25-30 (R2) minutes after performing upper- and lower-body RE (UL) or lower- and upper-body RE (LU) for 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-repetition maximum with 90-second and 2-minute rests between sets and exercises, respectively. The upper-body RE consisted of pulldown and chest press while lower-body RE consisted of knee extension and knee flexion. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the conditions (UL, LU) across time (rest, R1, R2) on cardiovascular responses. RESULTS: There were time-by-condition interactions (p\u3c0.05) for CO and SV such that CO was significantly elevated at R1 and R2 after UL and LU compared to rest while UL had higher CO compared to LU at R1 (UL: rest: 5.68±0.99 L/min; R1: 9.09±1.44 L/min; R2: 7.65±1.87 L/min; and LU: rest: 5.55±0.78 L/min; R1: 8.14±1.65 L/min; R2: 7.23±1.76 L/min). SV was significantly increased after UL at R1 compared to rest and LU (UL: rest: 85.2±16.5 ml/beat; R1: 90.9±14.3 ml/beat; R2: 81.8±18.8 ml/beat; and LU: rest: 84.7±12.7 ml/beat; R1: 83.0±13.9 ml/beat; R2: 78.6±16.2 ml/beat). TPR was significantly (p\u3c0.001) reduced at R1 and R2 compared to rest after UL and LU with greater reduction after UL compared to LU (UL: rest: 0.96±0.27 mmHg•min/L; R1: 0.53±0.16 mmHg•min/L; R2: 0.68±0.22 mmHg•min/L; and LU: rest: 1.03±0.33 mmHg•min/L; R1: 00.67±0.26 mmHg•min/L; R2: 0.77±0.26 mmHg•min/L). HR was significantly (p\u3c0.001) increased at R1 and R2 after UL and LU compared to rest. Systolic BP was significantly (p=0.026) decreased after LU at R1 compared to rest and R2. However, there was no change for diastolic BP. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that UL significantly increases cardiac output and stroke volume than LU which means different orders of RE change cardiovascular responses

Complex-Distance Potential Theory and Hyperbolic Equations

An extension of potential theory in R^n is obtained by continuing the Euclidean distance function holomorphically to C^n. The resulting Newtonian potential is generated by an extended source distribution D(z) in C^n whose restriction to R^n is the delta function. This provides a natural model for extended particles in physics. In C^n, interpreted as complex spacetime, D(z) acts as a propagator generating solutions of the wave equation from their initial values. This gives a new connection between elliptic and hyperbolic equations that does not assume analyticity of the Cauchy data. Generalized to Clifford analysis, it induces a similar connection between solutions of elliptic and hyperbolic Dirac equations. There is a natural application to the time-dependent, inhomogeneous Dirac and Maxwell equations, and the `electromagnetic wavelets' introduced previously are an example.Comment: 25 pages, submited to Proceedings of 5th Intern. Conf. on Clifford Algebras, Ixtapa, June 24 - July 4, 199

Quantum Geometrodynamics I: Quantum-Driven Many-Fingered Time

The classical theory of gravity predicts its own demise -- singularities. We therefore attempt to quantize gravitation, and present here a new approach to the quantization of gravity wherein the concept of time is derived by imposing the constraints as expectation-value equations over the true dynamical degrees of freedom of the gravitational field -- a representation of the underlying anisotropy of space. This self-consistent approach leads to qualitatively different predictions than the Dirac and the ADM quantizations, and in addition, our theory avoids the interpretational conundrums associated with the problem of time in quantum gravity. We briefly describe the structure of our functional equations, and apply our quantization technique to two examples so as to illustrate the basic ideas of our approach.Comment: 11, (No Figures), (Typeset using RevTeX

Different Orders of Combined Upper- and Lower-Body Resistance Exercise on Pulse Wave Reflection

Acute upper-body resistance exercise (RE) has been shown to induce greater impacts on pulse wave reflection (PWR) compared to lower-body RE. However, different orders of combined upper- and lower-body RE on PWR is unknown. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of different orders of combined upper-and lower-body RE on PWR in active men. METHODS: Sixteen men (22±2 yrs) volunteered for the study. PWR was assessed at rest, 10 (R1), and 20 (R2) minutes after either upper- and lower-body RE (UL) or lower- and upper-body RE (LU) at 75% 1-repetition maximum for 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 1.5- and 2-minute rests between sets and exercises, respectively, was allotted. The upper- and lower-body RE consisted of latissimus dorsi pulldown and incline chest press, and knee extension and knee flexion, respectively. A 2x3 repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the conditions across time on PWR. RESULTS: There was no difference (p=0.42) on exercise volume between UL and LU. There were significant condition-by-time interactions (pCONCLUSION: These data suggest that different orders of combined upper- and lower-body RE induce different responses on pulse wave reflection. In addition, LU significantly elevated PWR than UL which might place greater workload to the heart in active men. Starting at upper-body RE then finishing at lower-body RE may be a more cardio-protective workout regime

Combination of Upper- and Lower-Body Resistance Exercise on Hemodynamics in Young Women

Hemodynamic responses are different between upper- and lower-body resistance exercise (RE). However, different orders of combined upper- and lower-body RE on hemodynamic responses are unknown. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of different orders of upper-and lower-body RE on hemodynamics in young healthy women. METHODS: Seven young healthy women (22±2 years old) volunteered in the study. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were assessed using photoplethysmography at rest, 15-20 (Rec1), and 25-30 (Rec2) minutes after completion of either upper- first then lower-body RE (U-L) or lower- first then upper-body RE (L-U) for 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-repetition maximum with 1.5-minute and 2-minute rests between sets and exercises, respectively. The upper- and lower-body RE consisted of latissimus pulldown and inclined chest press, and leg extension and leg curl, respectively. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the conditions (U-L, L-U) across time (rest, Rec1, Rec2) on hemodynamics. RESULTS: There were time-by-condition interactions (p=0.049) for TPR such that TPR was significantly decreased at Rec1 compared to rest and Rec2 after L-U (U-L: rest: 0.86±0.33 mmHg•min/L; Rec1: 0.62±0.26 mmHg•min/L; Rec2: 0.66±0.20 mmHg•min/L; and L-U: rest: 0.99±0.32 mmHg•min/L; Rec1: 0.59±0.15 mmHg•min/L; Rec2: 0.73±0.16 mmHg•min/L). There were main effects of HR and CO such that HR (U-L: rest: 67±4 bpm; Rec1: 92±12 bpm ; Rec2: 86±11 bpm; and L-U: rest: 65±6 bpm ; Rec1: 90±7 bpm; Rec2: 80±5 bpm ) and CO (U-L: rest: 6.82±1.26 L/min; Rec1: 8.87±1.44 L/min; Rec2: 8.38±1.21 L/min; and L-U: rest: 6.46±1.12 L/min; Rec1: 8.83±1.47 L/min; Rec2: 7.74±0.87 L/min) were significantly increased at Rec1 compared to rest and Rec2 after both conditions. However, there was no change for MAP or SV. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the combination of upper- and lower-body resistance exercise significantly alters heart rate, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance regardless of the order

High-Velocity Line Forming Regions in the Type Ia Supernova 2009ig

We report measurements and analysis of high-velocity (> 20,000 km/s) and photospheric absorption features in a series of spectra of the Type Ia supernova (SN) 2009ig obtained between -14d and +13d with respect to the time of maximum B-band luminosity. We identify lines of Si II, Si III, S II, Ca II and Fe II that produce both high-velocity (HVF) and photospheric-velocity (PVF) absorption features. SN 2009ig is unusual for the large number of lines with detectable HVF in the spectra, but the light-curve parameters correspond to a slightly overluminous but unexceptional SN Ia (M_B = -19.46 mag and Delta_m15 (B) = 0.90 mag). Similarly, the Si II lambda_6355 velocity at the time of B-max is greater than "normal" for a SN Ia, but it is not extreme (v_Si = 13,400 km/s). The -14d and -13d spectra clearly resolve HVF from Si II lambda_6355 as separate absorptions from a detached line forming region. At these very early phases, detached HVF are prevalent in all lines. From -12d to -6d, HVF and PVF are detected simultaneously, and the two line forming regions maintain a constant separation of about 8,000 km/s. After -6d all absorption features are PVF. The observations of SN 2009ig provide a complete picture of the transition from HVF to PVF. Most SN Ia show evidence for HVF from multiple lines in spectra obtained before -10d, and we compare the spectra of SN 2009ig to observations of other SN. We show that each of the unusual line profiles for Si II lambda_6355 found in early-time spectra of SN Ia correlate to a specific phase in a common development sequence from HVF to PVF.Comment: 19 pages, 11figures, 4 tables, submitted to Ap

Can changing the timing of outdoor air intake reduce indoor concentrations of traffic-related pollutants in schools?

Traffic emissions have been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Many schools are situated close to major roads, and as children spend much of their day in school, methods to reduce traffic-related air pollutant concentrations in the school environment are warranted. One promising method to reduce pollutant concentrations in schools is to alter the timing of the ventilation so that high ventilation time periods do not correspond to rush hour traffic. Health Canada, in collaboration with the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, tested the effect of this action by collecting traffic-related air pollution data from four schools in Ottawa, Canada, during October and November 2013. A baseline and intervention period was assessed in each school. There were statistically significant (P \u3c 0.05) reductions in concentrations of most of the pollutants measured at the two late-start (9 AM start) schools, after adjusting for outdoor concentrations and the absolute indoor–outdoor temperature difference. The intervention at the early-start (8 AM start) schools did not have significant reductions in pollutant concentrations. Based on these findings, changing the timing of the ventilation may be a cost-effective mechanism of reducing traffic-related pollutants in late-start schools located near major roads. © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Indoor Air published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Health Canada