Amended Complaints Post-\u3ci\u3eTwiqbal\u3c/i\u3e: Why Litigants Should Still Get a Second Bite at the Pleading Apple

The Supreme Court’s landmark decisions in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal have had a serious effect on the way that Rule 12(b)(6) Motions to Dismiss are handled in federal courts across the country. In the five years since Iqbal was handed down, scholars and practitioners alike have discussed the merits and effects of this decision at length. However, there has been very little—if any—discussion on the relationship between amended complaints and original complaints when it comes to this newly-minted plausibility standard. This Comment aims to examine and critique a post-Twiqbal practice regarding amended complaints that is beginning to emerge in the Ninth Circuit. A number of district courts in the Ninth Circuit have held that courts may compare amended complaints to their predecessors as a part of the Twiqbal plausibility analysis. This Comment argues that this practice is not in line with the intent of Twiqbal nor with available precedent on amended complaints. As such, courts should refrain from adopting this practice going forward, and the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit should strike down this emerging practice if presented with a chance to do so

The State Department Can Gun Down 3-D Printed Firearms

In 1976, Congress enacted the Arms Export Control Act (“AECA”), giving the President broad power to control imports and exports of defense articles. At the time, defense articles included any “technical data” relating to weapons, such as the manufacturing blueprints of a firearm. Generally, this technical data was only in the hands of weapon manufacturers. After forty years of technological advances, however, this “technical data” can now be accessed by anyone in the world in a matter of seconds. Thanks to 3-D printing, a person can use this data to personally manufacture a fully functional plastic weapon within a few hours, for just a few hundred dollars. This same plastic weapon could slip past an airport security metal detector without triggering an alarm. Within a few minutes, a user could melt the weapon down to destroy any evidence of its use. This article explores the limits that the First and Second Amendments place on regulating 3-D printed weapons. Additionally, this article explores how the current regulations would pass a Constitutional challenge based on the First or Second Amendment

Alfonso García-Gallo y Diego y su relación con la Revista chilena de historia del derecho

In this article the author examines the inß uence of Professor Alfonso García-Gallo  in the development of the history of law in Chile, particularly in its relationship with the Faculty of Law of the University of Chile, and ath tesame time explaining the approach that this Hispanic teacher gave to the discipline.En este artículo el autor estudia la influencia del catedrático Alfonso García-Gallo en el desarrollo de la historia del derecho en Chile, en particular en su relación con la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile, explicando de paso el enfoque que el maestro hispano dio a la disciplina

La desamortización de los bienes de regulares en Chile: la primera discusión jurídica del derecho patrio sobre la naturaleza y alcance del dominio

This essay is about the implementation in the republican Chile of the decade of 1820, of the disentailing of the assets that were in control of the regular clergy, showing how a reform of the XVIII century is applied in the national law and the consequences derivated from it, specially for the civil dogmatic.    Este trabajo versa sobre la implementación en el Chile republicano de la década de 1820, de la desamortización de los bienes inmuebles que estaban en poder del clero regular, mostrando cómo una reforma dieciochesca es aplicada en el derecho patrio y las consecuencias que de ella se derivan, sobre todo para la dogmática civil.  

Notas para un primer acercamiento al estudio del derecho indiano en las Cortes de Cádiz

Aquest article pretén iniciar un nou camí d'investigació per a indagar el paper que va tenir el dret indià a les Corts de Cadis. A aquest efecte, s'analitzen els mecanismes mitjançant els quals normalment un sistema jurídic perviu i interactua amb aquell que el reemplaça, després s'examinen les peculiaritats que es van suscitar entre el dret indià i el dret constitucional gadità, i s'acaba amb l'anàlisi d'algunes de les normes indianes esmentades en el transcurs dels debats. El referit estudi abasta la fonamentació, l'ús i la interpretació que es va donar a les normes indianes en el marc dels debats legislatius i constitucionals que van tenir lloc a les Corts de Cadis.Este artículo pretende iniciar un nuevo derrotero investigativo tendiente a indagar el rol que jugó el derecho indiano en las Cortes de Cádiz. Para esos efectos, se analizan los mecanismos mediante los cuales normalmente un sistema jurídico pervive e interactúa con aquél que lo reemplaza, indagamos luego las peculiaridades que se suscitaron entre el derecho indiano y el derecho constitucional gaditano, y terminamos con el análisis de algunas de las normas indianas citadas en el transcurso de los debates. El referido estudio abarca la fundamentación, el uso y la interpretación que se dio a las normas indianas en el marco de los debates legislativos y constitucionales que tuvieron lugar en las Cortes de Cádiz.The aim of this paper is to embark on a new line of research to study the role of the Laws of the Indies in the Courts of Cádiz. To this end, an analysis is performed of the various mechanisms by means of which a legal system typically survives and interacts with the one substituting it with the aim of then examining the specific characteristics that arose between the Laws of the Indies and Cádiz constitutional law, and ultimately analysing some of the regulations of the Laws of the Indies mentioned over the course of the debates. The scope of the aforementioned study encompasses the rationale, use and construal given to the regulations of the Laws of the Indies on the context of the legislative and constitutional debates that unfolded in the Courts of Cádiz

Jurisdiction and Management of Arctic Marine Transportation

Although the United States and Canada have different views regarding jurisdiction over the waters surrounding arctic islands, both countries nevertheless share many concerns about marine transportation in high latitudes. Among these concerns are environmental protection, safety, impacts of development on northern peoples and third party transit of arctic waters. These common concerns suggest that there is much potential for cooperative activity and problem solving in the Arctic. Specific suggestions are made regarding possibilities for coordination of transit management activities. A range of options is presented for both the jurisdiction and management elements of a transit regime for the Arctic. It is the thesis of this article that, despite jurisdictional disagreements, the U.S. and Canada can develop a transit regime that satisfies the interests and concerns of both.Key words: Arctic, jurisdiction, management, marine transportation, regimeMots clés: Arctique, juridiction, gestion, transport maritime, régim

Fractionation of Flash Pyrolysis Condensates by Staged Condensation

The utilization of condensates from flash pyrolysis is challenging due to several unwanted properties. The condensates consist of a mixture of many high value compounds, but each of them is only contained in a low concentration. As additional challenge instantaneous phase separation into an aqueous and a sludgy heavy organic phase takes place, if agricultural residues like barley straw are used as raw material for pyrolysis. A separation by means of distillation is not possible as the compounds undergo polymerization reactions when exposed to higher temperature. A different approach for separation based on boiling temperature is staged condensation of original vapors. Ablative flash pyrolysis is performed in a laboratory. The pyrolysis vapors are condensed in either two or three stages, each composed of a double-effect cooler followed by an electrostatic precipitator. The higher boiling fractions are low in water and acid and show a high heating value