INSITU LOCALIZATION OF SPECIFIC RNAS IN DEVELOPING FRUIT BODIES OF THE BASIDIOMYCETE SCHIZOPHYLLUM-COMMUNE

cDNA clones representing mRNAs abundantly expressed during fruiting ofSchizophyllum commune were used to detect the cellular localization of these mRNAs in freeze-microtome sections of developing fruit bodies. An 18 S rRNA clone was isolated and used as a probe for total RNA. Both RNA and DNA probes with different labels were found suitable but the procedure finally adopted involvedin situ hybridization with nick-translated biotinylated DNA probes. To permit the probes to permeate the cell walls it was necessary to treat the sections with RNasedepletedTrichoderma harzianum wall-lytic enzymes before hybridization. Hybridization at different developmental stages showed that the specific mRNAs were abundantly expressed in specific areas of the fruit bodie

The association between age and inflammatory disease activity on MRI in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis during long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) decreases with advancing age. Previous work found a decrease in contrast enhancing lesions (CELs) with age. Here we describe the relation of age and MRI measures of inflammatory disease activity during long-term follow-up in a large real-world cohort of people with relapse-onset MS. METHODS: We investigated MRI data from the long-term observational Amsterdam MS cohort. We used logistic regression models and negative binomial generalized estimating equations to investigate the associations between age and radiological disease activity after a first clinical event. RESULTS: We included 1,063 participants, and 10,651 cranial MRIs. Median follow-up time was 6.1 years (IQR 2.4-10.9 years). Older participants had a significantly lower risk of CELs on baseline MRI (40-50 years vs. 50 years vs. 50 years vs. 50 years, a less aggressive treatment strategy might be appropriate compared to younger patients