Health Care in Ghana: A Study of Health Care Opinion Leadership

Ghana is a developing sub-Saharan country in West Africa and it struggles with delivering health care within the universal health system. The primary barrier to medical care is the lack of access. The government of Ghana subsidizes universal health insurance for all of its citizens, but lacks technology, workforce, and more importantly access to sanitation and clean running water. Access to health care remains a challenge in Ghana, especially in rural areas. In this research, we studied opinion leadership for health care in Ghana using two surveys conducted in May, 2014. Student investigators administered a survey to explore who was identified as the health care opinion leaders by local community members. The respondents were asked to rank seven categories of health care providers by how often they spoke to the health care provider about their health, from most often to least often , including medical doctors, chemical sellers, herbalists, prayer camps, family members, midwives and shrines or voodoo priests. The study surveyed 157 respondents from local community members, including 51 people in cities, 65 people in rural villages and 41 people in Kpanla, a remote isolated island on Lake Volta. Student investigators also gave a self-designating survey to 61 health care providers to measure their health care opinion leadership. The results of these two surveys were consistent. Local community residents preferred to talk to medical doctors about their health care when medical doctors were accessible. Health care providers’ responses to the self-designating opinion leadership survey supported their strong opinion leadership for health care

A Dynamic Study of Racial Inequality in Home Equity during the Housing Bubble

From 2001 to 2005 the American housing market witnessed a housing bubble with rising housing prices and home ownership rates. Home equity that constitutes a large share of net worth for most families increases also during this housing bubble. This paper examines the degree to which the overall increase in housing prices and in home ownership rates affected the wealth accumulation of whites and various minority groups. Using data from the American Housing Survey of 2001 and 2005, we find that the distance between white and Black homeowners in home equity is amplified between 2001 and 2005, but the advantage of white owners over Hispanic owners disappears once other factors are held constant. Asians benefit dramatically from the housing bubble, their home equity surpasses that of whites after other variables are controlled. These findings further broaden our understanding about racial stratification in wealth in American society.