172 research outputs found
Enabling Large Language Models to Learn from Rules
Large language models (LLMs) have shown incredible performance in completing
various real-world tasks. The current knowledge learning paradigm of LLMs is
mainly based on learning from examples, in which LLMs learn the internal rule
implicitly from a certain number of supervised examples. However, the learning
paradigm may not well learn those complicated rules, especially when the
training examples are limited. We are inspired that humans can learn the new
tasks or knowledge in another way by learning from rules. That is, humans can
grasp the new tasks or knowledge quickly and generalize well given only a
detailed rule and a few optional examples. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to
explore the feasibility of this new learning paradigm, which encodes the
rule-based knowledge into LLMs. We propose rule distillation, which first uses
the strong in-context abilities of LLMs to extract the knowledge from the
textual rules and then explicitly encode the knowledge into LLMs' parameters by
learning from the above in-context signals produced inside the model. Our
experiments show that making LLMs learn from rules by our method is much more
efficient than example-based learning in both the sample size and
generalization ability.Comment: In progres
Inhibition of HSP90 promotes neural stem cell survival from oxidative stress through attenuating NF-κB/p65 activation
Stem cell survival post transplantation determines the efficiency of stem cell treatment, which develops as a novel potential therapy for several central nervous system (CNS) diseases in recent decades of yeas. The engrafted stem cells face the damage of oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response at the lesion point in host. Among the pathology, oxidative stress directs stem cells to apoptosis and even death through several signalling pathways and DNA damage. However, the in detail mechanism of stem cell survival from oxidative stress has not revealed clearly. Here in this study, we used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induced the oxidative damage on neural stem cells (NSCs). The damage was in consequence demonstrated involving the activation of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and NF-κB/p65 signalling pathways. Further application of the pharmacological inhibitors respectively targeting at each signalling indicated an upper streaming role of HSP90 upon NF-κB/p65 on NSCs survival. Pre-inhibition of HSP90 with the specific inhibitor displayed a significant protection on NSCs against oxidative stress. In conclusion, inhibition of HSP90 would attenuate NF-κB/p65 activation by oxidative induction and promote NSCs survival from oxidative damage. The HSP90/NF-κB mechanism provides a new evidence on rescuing NSCs from oxidative stress, and also promotes the stem cell application on CNS pathologies
Inhibition of HSP90 Promotes Neural Stem Cell Survival from Oxidative Stress through Attenuating NF- κ
Stem cell survival after transplantation determines the efficiency of stem cell treatment, which develops as a novel potential therapy for several central nervous system (CNS) diseases in recent decades. The engrafted stem cells face the damage of oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune response at the lesion point in host. Among the damaging pathologies, oxidative stress directs stem cells to apoptosis and even death through several signalling pathways and DNA damage. However, the in-detail mechanism of stem cell survival from oxidative stress has not been revealed clearly. Here, in this study, we used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce the oxidative damage on neural stem cells (NSCs). The damage was in consequence demonstrated involving the activation of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and NF-κB/p65 signalling pathways. Further application of the pharmacological inhibitors, respectively, targeting at each signalling indicated an upper-stream role of HSP90 upon NF-κB/p65 on NSCs survival. Preinhibition of HSP90 with the specific inhibitor displayed a significant protection on NSCs against oxidative stress. In conclusion, inhibition of HSP90 would attenuate NF-κB/p65 activation by oxidative induction and promote NSCs survival from oxidative damage. The HSP90/NF-κB mechanism provides a new evidence on rescuing NSCs from oxidative stress and also promotes the stem cell application on CNS pathologies
Eight-input optical programmable logic array enabled by parallel spectrum modulation
Despite over 40 years' development of optical logic computing, the studies
have been still struggling to support more than four operands, since the high
parallelism of light has not been fully leveraged blocked by the optical
nonlinearity and redundant input modulation in existing methods. Here, we
propose a scalable multi-input optical programmable logic array (PLA) with
minimal logical input, enabled by parallel spectrum modulation. By making full
use of the wavelength resource, an eight-input PLA is experimentally
demonstrated, and there are 2^256 possible combinations of generated logic
gates. Various complex logic fuctions, such as 8-256 decoder, 4-bit comparator,
adder and multiplier are experimentally demonstrated via leveraging the PLA.
The scale of PLA can be further extended by fully using the dimensions of
wavelength and space. As an example, a nine-input PLA is implemented to realize
the two-dimensional optical cellular automaton for the first time and perform
Conway's Game of Life to simulate the evolutionary process of cells. Our work
significantly alleviates the challenge of extensibility of optical logic
devices, opening up new avenues for future large-scale, high-speed and
energy-efficient optical digital computing
Simultaneous improvement of heating efficiency and mechanical strength of a self-healing thermoplastic polymer by hybridizing magnetic particles with conductive fibres
Radio-Frequency (RF) induction heating is a versatile in-situ method for contactless heating of structures by utilizing either magnetic hysteresis loss or eddy-current loss mechanism. Achieving high heating efficiency without degrading mechanical properties is a major challenge. Herein, a RF induction compatible self-healing composite was developed by hybridizing iron oxides (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with carbon fibre veils (CFVs) in poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA), which could possess both high magnetic and electrical properties. Owing to the multiscale conductive networks built by Fe3O4 nanoparticles and CFVs, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite was found to be higher than the linear combination of the individual contributions, thus creating a synergistic improvement in electrical conductivity and heating efficiency. Furthermore, single lap shear test results demonstrated that the combination of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and CFVs could significantly improve the bonding strength of EMAA polymer. Therefore, the hybridization of magnetic particles with conductive fibres offers a promising technology for a wide range of applications, such as self-healing, reversable bonding, and multiple use bonded composites
Inhibition of HSP90 promotes neural stem cell survival from oxidative stress through attenuating NF-κB/p65 activation
Stem cell survival post transplantation determines the efficiency of stem cell treatment, which develops as a novel potential therapy for several central nervous system (CNS) diseases in recent decades of yeas. The engrafted stem cells face the damage of oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response at the lesion point in host. Among the pathology, oxidative stress directs stem cells to apoptosis and even death through several signalling pathways and DNA damage. However, the in detail mechanism of stem cell survival from oxidative stress has not revealed clearly. Here in this study, we used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induced the oxidative damage on neural stem cells (NSCs). The damage was in consequence demonstrated involving the activation of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and NF-κB/p65 signalling pathways. Further application of the pharmacological inhibitors respectively targeting at each signalling indicated an upper streaming role of HSP90 upon NF-κB/p65 on NSCs survival. Pre-inhibition of HSP90 with the specific inhibitor displayed a significant protection on NSCs against oxidative stress. In conclusion, inhibition of HSP90 would attenuate NF-κB/p65 activation by oxidative induction and promote NSCs survival from oxidative damage. The HSP90/NF-κB mechanism provides a new evidence on rescuing NSCs from oxidative stress, and also promotes the stem cell application on CNS pathologies
Large and tunable magnetoresistance in van der Waals Ferromagnet/Semiconductor junctions
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with conventional bulk ferromagnets
separated by a nonmagnetic insulating layer are key building blocks in
spintronics for magnetic sensors and memory. A radically different approach of
using atomically-thin van der Waals (vdW) materials in MTJs is expected to
boost their figure of merit, the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), while
relaxing the lattice-matching requirements from the epitaxial growth and
supporting high-quality integration of dissimilar materials with
atomically-sharp interfaces. We report TMR up to 192% at 10 K in all-vdW
Fe3GeTe2/GaSe/Fe3GeTe2 MTJs. Remarkably, instead of the usual insulating
spacer, this large TMR is realized with a vdW semiconductor GaSe. Integration
of two-dimensional ferromagnets in semiconductor-based vdW junctions offers
gate-tunability, bias dependence, magnetic proximity effects, and
spin-dependent optical-selection rules. We demonstrate that not just the
magnitude, but also the TMR sign is tuned by the applied bias or the
semiconductor thickness, enabling modulation of highly spin-polarized carriers
in vdW semiconductors
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