Controllability, Reachability, and Stabilizability of Finite Automata: A Controllability Matrix Method

This paper investigates the controllability, reachability, and stabilizability of finite automata by using the semitensor product of matrices. Firstly, by expressing the states, inputs, and outputs as vector forms, an algebraic form is obtained for finite automata. Secondly, based on the algebraic form, a controllability matrix is constructed for finite automata. Thirdly, some necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the controllability, reachability, and stabilizability of finite automata by using the controllability matrix. Finally, an illustrative example is given to support the obtained new results

Efficacy of robot-assisted full-endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of degree Ⅰand Ⅱ lumbar spondylolisthesis

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of robot-assisted full-endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (Endo-TLIF) in the treatment of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ lumbar spondylolisthesis. Methods The clinical data of 17 lumbar spondylolisthesis patients underwent robot-assisted Endo-TLIF treatment in Gansu Provincial Hospital from January 2020 to January 2022 were retrospectively collected. The postoperative hospital stay and complications were recorded. The accuracy of pedicle screw placement and the time of single screw placement were calculated. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by modified MacNab and lumbar interbody fusion was evaluated by Suk method. The related scores were recorded before operation, 1 month after operation and at the last follow-up. Results There were (126.45±17.28) min in duration of surgery, (90.00±11.25) mL in intraoperative blood loss, (4.10±0.95) times in intraoperative X-ray fluoroscopy, and (3.54±0.37) days in postoperative hospital stay. The accuracy of pedicle screw placement was 97.06 %, and average pedicle screw placement time was 9.75 min. At the last follow-up, all patients were evaluated to have good lumbar interbody fusion, with the excellent and good rate was 94.12%. One month after operation and at the last follow-up, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was lower than that before operation, while the total score of Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) was significantly higher than that before operation (P＜0.05). No dura mater injury, nerve tissue injury, screw loosening and fracture were found in all patients. Conclusion Robot-assisted Endo-TLIF in the treatment of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ lumbar spondylolisthesis has good efficacy, and has the advantages of accurate pedicle screw placement, less trauma, short operation time, and less intraoperative blood loss, but there are problems of high cost and high radiation to patients

Mitochondrial genome in Hypsizygus marmoreus and its evolution in Dikarya

Background Hypsizygus marmoreus, a high value commercialized edible mushroom is widely cultivated in East Asia, and has become one of the most popular edible mushrooms because of its rich nutritional and medicinal value. Mitochondria are vital organelles, and play various essential roles in eukaryotic cells. Results In this study, we provide the Hypsizygus marmoreus mitochondrial (mt) genome assembly: the circular sequence is 102,752 bp in size and contains 15 putative protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs subunits and 28 tRNAs. We compared the mt genomes of the 27 fungal species in the Pezizomycotina and Basidiomycotina subphyla, with the results revealing that H. marmoreus is a sister to Tricholoma matsutake and the phylogenetic distribution of this fungus based on the mt genome. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Ascomycetes mitochondria started to diverge earlier than that of Basidiomycetes and supported the robustness of the hyper metric tree. The fungal sequences are highly polymorphic and gene order varies significantly in the dikarya data set, suggesting a correlation between the gene order and divergence time in the fungi mt genome. To detect the mt genome variations in H. marmoreus, we analyzed the mtDNA sequences of 48 strains. The phylogeny and variation sited type statistics of H. marmoreus provide clear-cut evidence for the existence of four well-defined cultivations isolated lineages, suggesting female ancestor origin of H. marmoreus. Furthermore, variations on two loci were further identified to be molecular markers for distinguishing the subgroup containing 32 strains of other strains. Fifteen conserved protein-coding genes of mtDNAs were analyzed, with fourteen revealed to be under purifying selection in the examined fungal species, suggesting the rapid evolution was caused by positive selection of this gene. Conclusions Our studies have provided new reference mt genomes and comparisons between species and intraspecies with other strains, and provided future perspectives for assessing diversity and origin of H. marmoreus.Ope

Muon Flux Measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory

China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) is ideal for studying solar-, geo-, and supernova neutrinos. A precise measurement of the cosmic-ray background would play an essential role in proceeding with the R\&D research for these MeV-scale neutrino experiments. Using a 1-ton prototype detector for the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE), we detected 264 high-energy muon events from a 645.2-day dataset at the first phase of CJPL (CJPL-I), reconstructed their directions, and measured the cosmic-ray muon flux to be $(3.53\pm0.22_{\text{stat.}}\pm0.07_{\text{sys.}})\times10^{-10}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. The observed angular distributions indicate the leakage of cosmic-ray muon background and agree with the simulation accounting for Jinping mountain's terrain. A survey of muon fluxes at different laboratory locations situated under mountains and below mine shaft indicated that the former is generally a factor of $(4\pm2)$ larger than the latter with the same vertical overburden. This study provides a convenient back-of-the-envelope estimation for muon flux of an underground experiment

Performance of the 1-ton Prototype Neutrino Detector at CJPL-I

China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) provides an ideal site for solar, geo-, and supernova neutrino studies. With a prototype neutrino detector running since 2017, containing 1-ton liquid scintillator (LS), we tested its experimental hardware, performed the physics calibration, and measured its radioactive backgrounds, as an early stage of the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE). We investigated the radon background and implemented the nitrogen sealing technology to control it. This paper presents the details of these studies and will serve as a key reference for the construction and optimization of the future large detector at JNE

Investigating the Patterns and Dynamics of Urban Green Space in China’s 70 Major Cities Using Satellite Remote Sensing

Urban green space (UGS) plays a pivotal role in improving urban ecosystem services and building a livable environment for urban dwellers. However, remotely sensed investigation of UGS at city scale is facing a challenge due to the pixels’ mosaics of buildings, squares, roads and green spaces in cities. Here we developed a new algorithm to unmix the fraction of UGS derived from Landsat TM/ETM/8 OLI using a big-data platform. The spatiotemporal patterns and dynamics of UGSs were examined for 70 major cities in China between 2000 and 2018. The results showed that the total area of UGS in these cities grew from 2780.66 km2 in 2000 to 6764.75 km2 in 2018, which more than doubled its area. As a result, the UGS area per inhabitant rose from 15.01 m2 in 2000 to 18.09 m2 in 2018. However, an uneven layout of UGS occurred among the coastal, western, northeastern and central zones. For example, the UGS percentage in newly expanded urban areas in the coastal zone rose significantly in 2000–2018, with an increase of 2.51%, compared to the decline in UGS in cities in the western zone. Therefore, the effective strategies we have developed should be adopted to show disparities and promote green infrastructure capacity building in those cities with less green space, especially in western China

Semitensor Product Approach to Controllability, Reachability, and Stabilizability of Probabilistic Finite Automata

This paper proposes a matrix-based approach to investigate the controllability, reachability, and stabilizability of probabilistic finite automata (PFA). Firstly, the state transition probabilistic structure matrix is constructed for PFA, based on which a kind of controllability matrix is defined for PFA. Secondly, some necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the controllability, reachability, and stabilizability of PFA with positive probability by using the controllability matrix. Finally, an illustrate example is given to validate the obtained new results

Aircraft Reconstruction in High Resolution SAR Images Using Deep Shape Prior

Object reconstruction is of vital importance in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on shape prior to reconstruct aircraft in high resolution SAR images. The method mainly contains two stages. In the shape prior modeling stage, a generative deep learning method is used to model deep shape priors; a novel framework is then proposed in the reconstruction stage, which integrates the shape priors in the process of reconstruction. Specifically, to address the issue of object rotation, a novel pose estimation method is proposed to obtain candidate poses, which avoids making an exhaustive search for each pose. In addition, an energy function combining a scattering region term and a shape prior term is proposed; this is optimized via an iterative optimization algorithm to achieve the goal of object reconstruction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt made to reconstruct objects with complex shapes in SAR images using deep shape priors. Experiments are conducted on the dataset acquired by TerraSAR-X and results demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method