Understanding Job Transitions and Retirement Expectations Using Stated Preferences for Job Characteristics

As the population ages in the United States and other countries, encouraging older individuals to work would help counter increasing dependency ratios and improve national economic outcomes. Extending working lives is likely not simply a function of improving monetary incentives. Instead, job characteristics are also potentially important, yet understudied, determinants of whether individuals near retirement remain in the labor force. We use previously-collected data on job characteristics and preferences for job characteristics and work at older ages from the 2015 American Working Conditions Survey. We match the 2015 data with new data on job transitions collected three years after the initial survey. We use the matched data to study the relationship between preferences for job characteristics and actual job transitions. We then estimate heterogeneity in preferences for job characteristics as a function of age and plans for retirement. We test whether preferences differ for older workers ages 50 to 61 with different self-perceived probabilities of working in the future. Finally, we test whether preferences differ for retirement-aged individuals ages 62 and older who are working or not working.U.S. Social Security Administration, RRC08098401-09, R-UM17-08https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148664/1/wp396.pd

WP 2016-362

In this report we highlight findings on the differing job demands of older versus younger workers from the 2015 American Working Conditions Survey (AWCS), a new nationally representative survey of U.S. workers ages 25-71. We find that generally older workers (over age 50) report better working conditions than younger workers, with some exceptions (e.g., on-the-job training, prospects for career advancement).Social Security Administration, RRC08098401, UM16-08https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138013/1/wp362.pd

Large age shifts in HIV-1 incidence patterns in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

HIV incidence has recently been in decline across some of the most intense epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa due to the scale-up of prevention and transmission-blocking treatments. Understanding whether declines in incidence are being felt equally across age and gender can help prioritize demographic groups where more effort is needed to lower transmission. We found that HIV incidence has declined disproportionately in the youngest men and women in a population with the highest HIV prevalence in the world. Shifts in the age distribution of risk may be the consequence of aging prevalence, prioritized prevention to younger individuals, and delays in age at infection from reduced overall force of infection. Our results highlight the need to expand age targets for HIV prevention

HIV Treatment as Prevention: Systematic Comparison of Mathematical Models of the Potential Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV Incidence in South Africa

Background: Many mathematical models have investigated the impact of expanding access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) on new HIV infections. Comparing results and conclusions across models is challenging because models have addressed slightly different questions and have reported different outcome metrics. This study compares the predictions of several mathematical models simulating the same ART intervention programmes to determine the extent to which models agree about the epidemiological impact of expanded ART. Methods and Findings: Twelve independent mathematical models evaluated a set of standardised ART intervention scenarios in South Africa and reported a common set of outputs. Intervention scenarios systematically varied the CD4 count threshold for treatment eligibility, access to treatment, and programme retention. For a scenario in which 80% of HIV-infected individuals start treatment on average 1 y after their CD4 count drops below 350 cells/µl and 85% remain on treatment after 3 y, the models projected that HIV incidence would be 35% to 54% lower 8 y after the introduction of ART, compared to a counterfactual scenario in which there is no ART. More variation existed in the estimated long-term (38 y) reductions in incidence. The impact of optimistic interventions including immediate ART initiation varied widely across models, maintaining substantial uncertainty about the theoretical prospect for elimination of HIV from the population using ART alone over the next four decades. The number of person-years of ART per infection averted over 8 y ranged between 5.8 and 18.7. Considering the actual scale-up of ART in South Africa, seven models estimated that current HIV incidence is 17% to 32% lower than it would have been in the absence of ART. Differences between model assumptions about CD4 decline and HIV transmissibility over the course of infection explained only a modest amount of the variation in model results. Conclusions: Mathematical models evaluating the impact of ART vary substantially in structure, complexity, and parameter choices, but all suggest that ART, at high levels of access and with high adherence, has the potential to substantially reduce new HIV infections. There was broad agreement regarding the short-term epidemiologic impact of ambitious treatment scale-up, but more variation in longer term projections and in the efficiency with which treatment can reduce new infections. Differences between model predictions could not be explained by differences in model structure or parameterization that were hypothesized to affect intervention impact

Recruitment of the Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex Stabilizes the TNF-R1 Signaling Complex and Is Required for TNF-Mediated Gene Induction

TNF is a key inflammatory cytokine. Using a modified tandem affinity purification approach, we identified HOIL-1 and HOIP as functional components of the native TNF-R1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC). Together, they were shown to form a linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and to ubiquitylate NEMO. We show that LUBAC binds to ubiquitin chains of different linkage types and that its recruitment to the TNF-RSC is impaired in TRADD-, TRAF2-, and cIAP1/2- but not in RIP1- or NEMO-deficient MEFs. Furthermore, the E3 ligase activity of cIAPs, but not TRAF2, is required for HOIL-1 recruitment to the TNF-RSC. LUBAC enhances NEMO interaction with the TNF-RSC, stabilizes this protein complex, and is required for efficient TNF-induced activation of NF-κB and JNK, resulting in apoptosis inhibition. Finally, we demonstrate that sustained stability of the TNF-RSC requires LUBAC's enzymatic activity, thereby adding a third form of ubiquitin linkage to the triggering of TNF signaling by the TNF-RSC. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Induction of GADD34 Is Necessary for dsRNA-Dependent Interferon-β Production and Participates in the Control of Chikungunya Virus Infection

Nucleic acid sensing by cells is a key feature of antiviral responses, which generally result in type-I Interferon production and tissue protection. However, detection of double-stranded RNAs in virus-infected cells promotes two concomitant and apparently conflicting events. The dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) phosphorylates translation initiation factor 2-alpha (eIF2α) and inhibits protein synthesis, whereas cytosolic DExD/H box RNA helicases induce expression of type I-IFN and other cytokines. We demonstrate that the phosphatase-1 cofactor, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34/Ppp1r15a), an important component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), is absolutely required for type I-IFN and IL-6 production by mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in response to dsRNA. GADD34 expression in MEFs is dependent on PKR activation, linking cytosolic microbial sensing with the ATF4 branch of the UPR. The importance of this link for anti-viral immunity is underlined by the extreme susceptibility of GADD34-deficient fibroblasts and neonate mice to Chikungunya virus infection

RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 4 enhances autophagy and lysosome tethering in response to Interleukin-4

Autophagy is a key degradative pathway coordinated by external cues, including starvation, oxidative stress, or pathogen detection. Rare are the molecules known to contribute mechanistically to the regulation of autophagy and expressed specifically in particular environmental contexts or in distinct cell types. Here, we unravel the role of RUN and FYVE domain–containing protein 4 (RUFY4) as a positive molecular regulator of macroautophagy in primary dendritic cells (DCs). We show that exposure to interleukin-4 (IL-4) during DC differentiation enhances autophagy flux through mTORC1 regulation and RUFY4 induction, which in turn actively promote LC3 degradation, Syntaxin 17– positive autophagosome formation, and lysosome tethering. Enhanced autophagy boosts endogenous antigen presentation by MHC II and allows host control of Brucella abortus replication in IL-4–treated DCs and in RUFY4-expressing cells. RUFY4 is therefore the first molecule characterized to date that promotes autophagy and influences endosome dynamics in a subset of immune cells

Gentherapie durch lentiviralen TRAIL-Gentransfer : Induktion von Apoptose und Apoptose-Resistenz in humanen Tumorzellen

In dieser Arbeit wurde der Gentransfer von Todesliganden als Ansatz zur Tumor-Gentherapie untersucht. Dazu wurde ein lentiviraler Vektor der zweiten Generationverwendet, der die Todesliganden CD95L oder TRAIL sowie das Markergen EGFP exprimiert. Dies ist die erste Beschreibung von CD95L- oder TRAILexprimierenden lentiviralen Vektoren. Der TRAIL-exprimierende Vektor erwies sich als geeignet für die therapeutische Induktion von Apoptose in humanen Tumorzelllinien auch bei geringen Vektordosen. Die Transduktion mit diesem Vektor bei niedriger MOI führte zu Todesrezeptor-spezifischer Induktion von Apoptose. Diese wurde ausschließlich durch membranständiges TRAIL bei Zell-Zell-Kontakt vermittelt. Die transduzierten Zellen waren zudem in der Lage, bei Kontakt mit nichttransduzierten Zellen in diesen Apoptose auszulösen. Durch den TRAIL-Gentransfer wurde jedoch spezifisch in den transduzierten Zellen Resistenz gegen TRAIL-induzierte Apoptose ausgelöst, während die CD95- oder Cisplatin-induzierte Apoptose nicht beeinflusst war. Dies führte zum Auswachsen einer vollständig TRAIL-resistenten Population. Bereits 72 Stunden nach Transduktion konnten Anzeichen der Resistenz detektiert werden. Der Grund für diese Resistenzinduktion lag in einer spezifischen Blockade der DISC-Bildung und Caspase-8-Aktivierung durch die TRAIL-Todesrezeptoren. Die Signaltransduktion durch den sehr ähnlichen CD95-Signalweg war gänzlich unbeeinflusst. Durchflusszytometrische und proteinbiochemische Untersuchungen der Expression von TRAIL-R1 und TRAIL-R2, sowie die Untersuchung der mRNA-Expression dieser Rezeptoren ergaben, dass beide TRAIL-Todesrezeptoren noch synthetisiert, jedoch intrazellulär zurückgehalten wurden. In fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass TRAIL-R2 intrazellulär in einem Komplex mit TRAIL vorlag, der sich im Bereich des ER/Golgi-Apparates befand. Diese Ergebnisse belegen, dass intrazelluläre Interaktion von TRAIL mit seinen Rezeptoren zur Retention dieser Proteine in der Zelle und damit zur Resistenzentwicklung führte. Bei Versuchen zur in vivo-Gentherapie durch lentivirale TRAIL-Expression in humanen Tumortransplantaten auf Nacktmäusen wurde nur ein transienter Effekt erzielt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit Vektorpartikeln assoziiertes TRAIL-Protein in den Tumoren Apoptose auslöste. Diese Induktion von Apoptose führte zu einer Wachstumsverzögerung. Dadurch wurde jedoch gleichzeitig eine effiziente Transduktion der Tumorzellen mit dem TRAIL-exprimierenden Vektor und ein langfristiger Effekt der TRAIL-Expression verhindert. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass lentiviraler Gentransfer mit konstitutiv TRAIL-exprimierenden Vektoren ungeeignet zur in vivo-Transduktion von Tumoren ist. Gleichzeitig belegen die Ergebnisse der Transduktion mit einem Kontrollkonstrukt einen effizienten Gentransfer. Der hier charakterisierte Resistenzmechanismus ist zuvor nicht beschrieben worden und stellt eine neuartige Form der Therapie-induzierten Resistenz dar. Die proapoptotische Gentherapie durch konstitutive TRAIL-Expression in Tumoren muss nach diesen Ergebnissen neu bewertet werden. Der lentivirale Gentransfer in Tumore in vivo läuft prinzipiell effizient ab. Bei Verwendung eines regulierbaren Expressionssystems und in Kombination mit Suizidgenen könnte eine therapeutische Nutzung des lentiviralen TRAIL-Gentransfers möglich sein

The Value of Working Conditions in the United States and Implications for the Structure of Wages

This paper documents variation in working conditions among workers in the United States, presents new estimates of how workers value these conditions, and assesses the impact of working conditions on estimates of the wage structure and inequality. We use evidence from a series of stated preference experiments to estimate workers' willingness-to-pay for a broad set of job characteristics, which we validate with actual job choices. We find that working conditions vary substantially across workers, play a significant role in job choice decisions, and are central components of the compensation received by workers. Preferences vary by demographic groups and throughout the wage distribution. We find that accounting for differences in preferences for working conditions often exacerbates wage differentials by race, age, and education, and intensifies measures of wage inequality