A morphological study of retinal changes in unilateral amblyopia using optical coherence tomography image segmentation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible structural changes of the macula in patients with unilateral amblyopia using optical coherence tomography (OCT) image segmentation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 38 consecutive patients (16 male; mean age 32.4+/-17.6 years; range 6-67 years) with unilateral amblyopia were involved in this study. OCT examinations were performed with a time-domain OCT device, and a custom-built OCT image analysis software (OCTRIMA) was used for OCT image segmentation. The axial length (AL) was measured by a LenStar LS 900 device. Macular layer thickness, AL and manifest spherical equivalent refraction (MRSE) of the amblyopic eye were compared to that of the fellow eye. We studied if the type of amblyopia (strabismus without anisometropia, anisometropia without strabismus, strabismus with anisometropia) had any influence on macular layer thickness values. RESULTS: There was significant difference between the amblyopic and fellow eyes in MRSE and AL in all subgroups. Comparing the amblyopic and fellow eyes, we found a statistically significant difference only in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer in the central region using linear mixed model analysis keeping AL and age under control (p = 0.032). There was no significant difference in interocular difference in the thickness of any macular layers between the subgroups with one-way between-groups ANCOVA while statistically controlling for interocular difference in AL and age. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results there are subtle changes in amblyopic eyes affecting the outer nuclear layer of the fovea suggesting the possible involvement of the photoreceptors. However, further studies are warranted to support this hypothesis

Neutrinos

229 pages229 pages229 pagesThe Proceedings of the 2011 workshop on Fundamental Physics at the Intensity Frontier. Science opportunities at the intensity frontier are identified and described in the areas of heavy quarks, charged leptons, neutrinos, proton decay, new light weakly-coupled particles, and nucleons, nuclei, and atoms

Nomenclature of the veins of the lower: an international interdisciplinary consensus statement

An agreement upon anatomical terminology is the foundation for a common language in medical science because it facilitates effective exchange of informations. A thorough review of the literature has shown need for revision and extension of the official Terminologia Anatomica with regard to the veins of the lower limb. The origins of this consensus document were outlined by the faculty at a meeting held in Rome, on September 8-9, 2001, at the occasion of the 14th World Congress of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP), under the auspices of the IUP, the International Federation of Anatomical Association (IFAA) and the Federative International Committee for Anatomical Nomenclature (FICAT). Taking into account the past practice of FICAT, the official names of some veins have been changed. In addition, previously unnamed veins have received names relevant to their anatomy and clinical significance. Some of the terminological recommendations are innovative, but were judged to be correct by members of the committee