5,827 research outputs found
Probability Thermodynamics and Probability Quantum Field
In this paper, we introduce probability thermodynamics and probability
quantum fields. By probability we mean that there is an unknown operator,
physical or nonphysical, whose eigenvalues obey a certain statistical
distribution. Eigenvalue spectra define spectral functions. Various
thermodynamic quantities in thermodynamics and effective actions in quantum
field theory are all spectral functions. In the scheme, eigenvalues obey a
probability distribution, so a probability distribution determines a family of
spectral functions in thermodynamics and in quantum field theory. This leads to
probability thermodynamics and probability quantum fields determined by a
probability distribution. There are two types of spectra: lower bounded
spectra, corresponding to the probability distribution with nonnegative random
variables, and the lower unbounded spectra, corresponding to probability
distributions with negative random variables. For lower unbounded spectra, we
use the generalized definition of spectral functions. In some cases, we
encounter divergences. We remove the divergence by a renormalization procedure.
Moreover, in virtue of spectral theory in physics, we generalize some concepts
in probability theory. For example, the moment generating function in
probability theory does not always exist. We redefine the moment generating
function as the generalized heat kernel, which makes the concept definable when
the definition in probability theory fails. As examples, we construct examples
corresponding to some probability distributions. Thermodynamic quantities,
vacuum amplitudes, one-loop effective actions, and vacuum energies for various
probability distributions are presented
The Relationships among Trust, E-Satisfaction, E-Loyalty, and Customer Online Behaviors
Online shopping behaviors, different from traditional shopping behaviors, are related to information system and characterized with uncertainty, anonymity and potential opportunism. This paper is to conceptualize and analyze customer online behaviors, trust, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). 1258 valid questionnaires are gathered from online customers having e-shopping experiences in Taiwan. Using structural equation modeling, the empirical results indicated that perceived use of use, perceived usefulness, and trust has the significant effects to facilitate customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, and further, effects customer’s intentions and behaviors toward online purchasing
Transport properties of dense deuterium-tritium plasmas
Consistent descriptions of the equation of states, and information about
transport coefficients of deuterium-tritium mixture are demonstrated through
quantum molecular dynamic (QMD) simulations (up to a density of 600 g/cm
and a temperature of eV). Diffusion coefficients and viscosity are
compared with one component plasma model in different regimes from the strong
coupled to the kinetic one. Electronic and radiative transport coefficients,
which are compared with models currently used in hydrodynamic simulations of
inertial confinement fusion, are evaluated up to 800 eV. The Lorentz number is
also discussed from the highly degenerate to the intermediate region.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Indenter Shape Dependent Dislocation Actives and Stress Distributions of Single Crystal Nickel during Nanoindentation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation
The influences of indenter shape on dislocation actives and stress distributions during nanoindentation were studied by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The load-displacement curves, indentation-induced stress fields, and dislocation activities were analyzed by using rectangular, spherical, and Berkovich indenters on single crystal nickel. For the rectangular and spherical indenters, the load-displacement curves have a linear dependence, but the elastic stage produced by the spherical indenter does not last longer than that produced by the rectangular indenter. For a Berkovich indenter, there is almost no linear elastic regime, and an amorphous region appears directly below the indenter tip, which is related to the extremely singular stress field around the indenter tip. In three indenters cases, the prismatic dislocation loops are observed on the {111} planes, and there is a sudden increase in stress near the indenter for the Berkovich indenter. The stress distributions are smooth with no sudden irregularities at low-indentation depths; and the stress increases and a sudden irregularity appears with the increasing indentation depths for the rectangular and spherical indenters. Moreover, the rectangular indenter has the most complex dislocation activities and the spherical indenter is next, while very few dislocations occur in the Berkovich indenter case
EFFECT OF KNEE TAPING ON THE KNEE KINEMATICS DURING LEVEL WALKING
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of knee taping on the knee kinematics during level walking. Fifteen healthy subjects participated in this study. Vicon Nexus motion analysis system was used. Reflective markers were placed on anatomical landmarks to compute the kinematics during level walking. Knee joint angle and range of motion were analyzed. Paired t test was used to compare the differences between no taping and knee taping. The results showed that the knee taping would increase the external rotation and decrease the internal rotation of the knee joint during level walking. Knee taping would decrease the adduction angle and the range of motion in the frontal plane during level walking compared to no taping. It is suggested that knee taping can be used for the people with ACL insufficiency to enhance the knee stability
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