{μ-6,6′-Dimeth­oxy-2,2′-[ethane-1,2-diyl­bis(nitrilo­methanylyl­idene)]diphenolato-1κ4 O 6,O 1,O 1′,O 6′;2κ4 O 1,N,N′,O 1′}(methanol-1κO)(tetra­fluoridoborato-1κ2 F,F′)-2-copper(II)-1-sodium

In the dinuclear salen-type title complex, [CuNa(BF4)(C18H18N2O4)(CH3OH)], the CuII atom is chelated by two O atoms and two N atoms of the deprotonated Schiff base in a square-planar geometry. The Na atom is seven-coordinate as it is linked to four O atoms of the same Schiff base ligand, one O atom of the methanol and two tetra­fluorido­borate F atoms. The remaining two F atoms of the anion are disordered over two sites in a 0.598 (18):0.402 (18) ratio

THE CORRELATION OF GOLF PUTTING CLUB HEAD VELOCITY AND GRIP FORCE FOR EACH PHASE

We investigate the correlation of golf putting club head velocity and grip force in different phases during the putting stroke. Five elite college players (handicap: 2~8) executed a putt as accurately as possible to reach a target distance of 12ft. The Novel System and were used to measure the grip force and club head velocity. The lowest club head velocity and grip force both occurred at address up to the top of backswing (phase I). The club head velocity and grip force started increasing during the downswing and reached its peak before impact (phase II), and decreased after impact to finish (phase III). The mean club head velocity and grip force for Phase I, II, III in order are 0.33m/s, 0.92m/s, 0.87m/s; 28.09N, 54.77N, 50.76N. Club head velocity was significantly correlated to grip force in phase II and III (r=0.937; r=0.866). The similar variation pattern of club head speed and grip force may give better control to the putter during the impact and produce more consistent putting stroke

DISTRIBUTION OF GRIP PRESSURE THROUGHOUT THE PHASES OF PUTTING IN ELITE GOLF COLLEGE PLAYERS

The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of grip pressure, force and the peak pressure of different phases during the putting stroke. Five elite college players with handicaps of 2-8 participated in the study. The Novel Pliance-x System and 150Hz 8- camera Motion Analysis Corporation System were used to collect grip pressure and identify each phase of the putting stroke. At each phase of the putting stroke, average grip pressure, peak pressure and grip force were investigated. Results indicated that lowest grip pressure occurred at address up to the top of backswing (2.41±1.36 Kpa). Grip pressure started to increase during the downswing and reached its peak, 0.02±0.05s, before impact (4.70±1.97 Kpa). The pressure reduced again after impact (4.36±2.06 Kpa). Results indicate that grip pressure does not remain the same throughout the stroke

Test-time Defense against Adversarial Attacks: Detection and Reconstruction of Adversarial Examples via Masked Autoencoder

Existing defense methods against adversarial attacks can be categorized into training time and test time defenses. Training time defense, i.e., adversarial training, requires a significant amount of extra time for training and is often not able to be generalized to unseen attacks. On the other hand, test time defense by test time weight adaptation requires access to perform gradient descent on (part of) the model weights, which could be infeasible for models with frozen weights. To address these challenges, we propose DRAM, a novel defense method to Detect and Reconstruct multiple types of Adversarial attacks via Masked autoencoder (MAE). We demonstrate how to use MAE losses to build a KS-test to detect adversarial attacks. Moreover, the MAE losses can be used to repair adversarial samples from unseen attack types. In this sense, DRAM neither requires model weight updates in test time nor augments the training set with more adversarial samples. Evaluating DRAM on the large-scale ImageNet data, we achieve the best detection rate of 82% on average on eight types of adversarial attacks compared with other detection baselines. For reconstruction, DRAM improves the robust accuracy by 6% ~ 41% for Standard ResNet50 and 3% ~ 8% for Robust ResNet50 compared with other self-supervision tasks, such as rotation prediction and contrastive learning

Effects of esculentoside A on turnour necrosis factor production by mice peritoneal macrophages

Esculentoside A (EsA) is a saponin isolated from the roots of Phytolacca esculenta. Previous experiments showed that it had strong anti-inflammatory effects. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is an important inflammatory mediator. In order to study the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of EsA, it was determined whether TNF production from macrophages was altered by EsA under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated conditions. EsA was found to decrease both extracellular and cell associated TNF production in a dose dependent manner at concentrations higher than 1 μmol/l EsA. Previous studies have showed that EsA reduced the releasing of platelet activating factor (PAF) from rat macrophages. The reducing effects of EsA on the release of TNF and PAF may explain its anti-inflammatory effect

Transforming growth factor-β1 induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cell migration in astrocytes: roles of ROS-dependent ERK- and JNK-NF-κB pathways

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the multifunctional factors during diverse physiological and pathological processes including development, wound healing, proliferation, and cancer metastasis. Both TGF-β and MMPs have been shown to play crucial roles in brain pathological changes. Thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying TGF-β1-induced MMP-9 expression in brain astrocytes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1) were used. MMP-9 expression was analyzed by gelatin zymography and RT-PCR. The involvement of signaling molecules including MAPKs and NF-κB in the responses was investigated using pharmacological inhibitors and dominant negative mutants, determined by western blot and gene promoter assay. The functional activity of MMP-9 was evaluated by cell migration assay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we report that TGF-β1 induces MMP-9 expression and enzymatic activity via a TGF-β receptor-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling pathway. ROS production leads to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and then activation of the NF-κB transcription factor. Activated NF-κB turns on transcription of the MMP-9 gene. The rat MMP-9 promoter, containing a NF-κB <it>cis</it>-binding site, was identified as a crucial domain linking to TGF-β1 action.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Collectively, in RBA-1 cells, activation of ERK1/2- and JNK-NF-κB cascades by a ROS-dependent manner is essential for MMP-9 up-regulation/activation and cell migration induced by TGF-β1. These findings indicate a new regulatory pathway of TGF-β1 in regulating expression of MMP-9 in brain astrocytes, which is involved in physiological and pathological tissue remodeling of central nervous system.</p

KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY DURING THE TWOHANDED BACKHAND DRIVE VOLLEY FOR FEMALE TENNIS PLAYERS

The purpose of this study was to discuss the motion characteristics of the arms in the two-handed backhand drive volley. Five elite female tennis players participated in this study, their two-handed backhand drive volley strokes were analysed, and all participants are right handed. Motion Analysis System with 10 Eagle Digital inferred high speed cameras at 200Hz were used for this study. The results show a similar elbow and wrist speed strategy in x-axis between two-handed ground stroke and drive volley, our study also found that the rear arm dominates the stroke and mainly provide the topspin that is required for the skill of the drive volley. In order to create better stroke efficiency, the right elbow reached peak velocity first, followed by the right wrist before racket impact with the ball