The effect of muscle glycogen status on control of substrate metabolism during exercise

Glycogen depletion has frequently been shown to result in a decrease in respiratory exchange ratio (RER). However, the metabolic response to glycogen depletion has generally been studied in overnight fasted subjects or in subjects who were already fatigued, or hypoglycaemic, or both, raising the question of whether the differences seen were due to general "carbohydrate deficiency" or due specifically to muscle or liver glycogen depletion. If euglycaemia and especially hyperglycaemia is maintained, the " carbohydrate deficiency" is overcome. In addition, because insulin stimulates muscle glucose uptake and not liver glucose uptake during euglycaemia (except at very high concentrations), insulin infusion would differentiate between liver and muscle glycogen depletion, since if the decrease in RER previously observed is abolished with insulin infusion while euglycaemia is maintained, this would indicate that the decrease is specifically due to muscle glycogen depletion. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic effect of glycogen content while an adequate amount or an excess of carbohydrate was provided in the form of an intravenous glucose infusion and when plasma insulin concentrations are raised

A retrospective study of the causes of moderate to severe leukocytosis in dogs

Background and objecttives: The aims of this study were to determine whether: i) diseases in hospitalised South African dogs with leukocyte counts ≥35x109/l were different from, ii) hospitalisation time longer than and mortality rate higher than control dogs; iii) glucocorticoid treatment contributed to significant leukocytosis; iv) hypoalbuminaemia and thrombocytopaenia added prognostic value, v) high leukocyte counts predict complicated babesiosis. Methods: Records were examined from 182 hospitalized dogs with a WBC ≥35Χ109/l (LCG) and 179 hospitalized dogs with 3.0 ≤ WBC ≤30Χ109/l and immature neutrophil count ≤0.5Χ109/l (CG). Diagnoses were assigned to groups Infection, Immune-mediated; Necrosis; Neoplasia; Babesiosis; Other. Results: WBC, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and monocyte count were higher in LCG than CG (p CG) in Infection, Necrosis, Babesiosis and immune mediated haematological disease groups. The frequency of complicated babesiosis cases was higher in LCG in than in CG (p < 0.0001). Time of hospitalization was significantly (p<0.0001) longer for LCG than for CG. There was a significant relationship between total and immature neutrophil count and survival (p=0.01) Conclusions: Leukocytosis is more likely to indicate infection, complicated babesiosis, immune mediated hematological disease or necrosis in the population of dogs examined. Hypoalbuminaemia and thrombocytopaenia in an animal with significant leukocytosis is not prognostically useful, while the combination of total and immature neutrophil count is. In hospitalized animals with severe leukocytosis, glucocorticoid treatment does not increase the leukocyte count.Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2007.Companion Animal Clinical Studiesunrestricte