The Growing Imbalance: Recent Trends in U.S. Postsecondary Education Finance

Compares trends at public, private, and research institutions in enrollment, revenues, and spending as well as their effect on bottom lines; analyzes widening disparities; and considers implications for improving the affordability of higher education

Viability of Nuerospora macroconidia after cryogenic storage by liquid nitrogen refrigeration

Viability of macroconidia after liquid nitrogen refrigeratio

Networked Families

Presents survey results on the use of the Internet and ownership of cell phones and computers, by household type. Examines how technology ownership affects the frequency, form, purpose, and quality of communications among family members and friends

Crafting scholarly life: Strategies for creating meaning in academic careers

Job crafting, which occurs when individuals proactively make changes to their jobs, can be a useful tool for academics seeking more meaningful careers. We suggest changes to the cognitive, task, and relational aspects of academic jobs that can infuse scholarly work with more personal meaning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86956/1/708_ftp.pd

Why the Child's Theory of Mind Really Is a Theory

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73444/1/j.1468-0017.1992.tb00202.x.pd

El hogar en red

Proponemos que los individuos, en lugar de las solidaridades familiares, se han convertido en la principal unidad de conectividad en el hogar. Muchos hogares no funcionan como grupos tradicionales densamente conectados sino como redes sociales más dispersas donde los individuos tratan de hacer compatibles sus dispares horarios y agendas. En un momento en el que muchas personas ejercen múltiples roles individuales en casa, en la comunidad y en el trabajo nos preguntamos: ¿cómo se comunican entre sí los adultos miembros del hogar? ¿Cómo utilizan los adultos miembros del hogar las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs) para organizar, comunicar y coordinar su tiempo libre y su comportamiento social dentro y fuera de casa? Las entrevistas y encuestas realizadas en 2004-2005 en East York (Toronto, Canadá) muestran que los hogares siguen conectados -pero como redes más que como grupos solidarios. Describimos cómo los individuos en red construyen puentes entre sus relaciones y se conectan entre sí dentro y fuera de casa. Las TICs han permitido a los miembros del hogar la capacidad de seguir sus caminos separados mientras permanecen conectados -por teléfono móvil, correo electrónico e IM, así como con las líneas telefónicas tradicionales. De ese modo, en lugar de desmembrar las familias, las TICs con frecuencia facilitan la comunicación, las relaciones y la integración funcional.We argue that individuals, rather than family solidarities, have become the primary unit of household connectivity. Many households do not operate as traditional denselyknit groups but as more sparsely-knit social networks where individuals juggle their somewhat separate agendas and schedules. At a time when many people enact multiple, individual roles at home, in the community and at work, we ask: how do adult household members communicate with each other? How do adult household members use information and communication technologies (ICTs) to organize, communicate and coordinate their leisure and social behaviour both inside and outside the home? Interviews and surveys conducted in 2004-2005 in the Toronto, Canada area of East York show that households remain connected - but as networks rather than solidary groups. We describe how networked individuals bridge their relationships and connect with each other inside and outside the home. ICTs have afforded household members the ability to go about on their separate ways while staying more connected -by mobile phone, email and IM- as well as by traditional landlines. In such ways, rather than pulling families apart, ICTs often facilitate communication, kinship and functional integration

Decentralized Supply Chain Formation: A Market Protocol and Competitive Equilibrium Analysis

Supply chain formation is the process of determining the structure and terms of exchange relationships to enable a multilevel, multiagent production activity. We present a simple model of supply chains, highlighting two characteristic features: hierarchical subtask decomposition, and resource contention. To decentralize the formation process, we introduce a market price system over the resources produced along the chain. In a competitive equilibrium for this system, agents choose locally optimal allocations with respect to prices, and outcomes are optimal overall. To determine prices, we define a market protocol based on distributed, progressive auctions, and myopic, non-strategic agent bidding policies. In the presence of resource contention, this protocol produces better solutions than the greedy protocols common in the artificial intelligence and multiagent systems literature. The protocol often converges to high-value supply chains, and when competitive equilibria exist, typically to approximate competitive equilibria. However, complementarities in agent production technologies can cause the protocol to wastefully allocate inputs to agents that do not produce their outputs. A subsequent decommitment phase recovers a significant fraction of the lost surplus