Theoretical Models of Cyst Formation and Growth

Although the formation of fluid-filled, epithelial-lined cysts is a common event in a variety of tissues, the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Discussed here are means by which those mechanisms might be elucidated. In general, there are too few data available for complete analysis of in vivo disease processes. It can be suggested only that epithelial proliferation and basement membrane growth are probably absolute requirements. Whether the forces for fluid accumulation precede or follow the stimuli for cell growth cannot be stated with certainty. On the other hand, in certain in vitro model systems the forces required to keep cyst cavities filled with fluid may be so small that cell growth, rather than fluid accumulation, seems the more likely primary event

Choice of peptide and peptide length for the generation of antibodies reactive with the intact protein

AbstractN-terminal peptides of bovine ribonuclease (RNase) of 20, 13 and 7 amino acid residues were isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antibodies were raised in mice against these peptides coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA). It was shown that antibodies against the peptides reacted with the intact protein and that the immune response decreased with decreasing size of peptide. In order to obtain a satisfactory reaction with the intact protein, the peptide immunogen should be longer than 7 amino acids.Antipeptide antibodyRibonucleaseSecondary structureImmunizatio

Outflow in global magnetohydrodynamics as a function of a passive inner boundary source

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/106972/1/jgra50946.pd

Prison Reform Issues for the Eighties: Modification and Dissolution of Injunctions in the Federal Courts

During the past two decades, federal courts have become involved in the supervision of state and local prison systems. This supervisory role is the result of a new type of litigation, the institutional reform lawsuit. These lawsuits originate when prisoners sue state or local prison administrators, alleging unconstitutional conditions of confinement. Plaintiffs usually seek a permanent injunction outlining a plan to eliminate the offending conditions. As prison litigation matured, the normal evolution of these lawsuits led to new questions taking center stage in the 1980\u27s, questions of injunction, modification, and dissolution. This article begins with a summary examination of prison reform litigation, and then analyzes the standards for modification and dissolution of injunctions. The article concludes that in spite of some ambiguous decisions and some references to a new, more flexible modification standard, courts in prison reform cases are actually applying the strict standard formulated by the Supreme Court in United States v. Swift & Co. In addition, courts are uncertain whether to use different modification standards for consent decrees and litigated injunctions. The courts that have distinguished the two types of orders disagree on the impact of the distinction. This article stresses that the best approach is not to distinguish consent decrees and litigated injunctions, but rather to apply the strict modification standard to both types of orders

Prediction of sequential antigenic regions in proteins

AbstractPrediction of antigenic regions in a protein will be helpful for a rational approach to the synthesis of peptides which may elicit antibodies reactive with the intact protein. Earlier methods are based on the assumption that antigenic regions are primarily hydrophilic regions at the surface of the protein molecule. The method presented here is based on the amino acid composition of known antigenic regions in 20 proteins which is compared with that of 314 proteins [(1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, vol. 5, suppl. 3, 363-373]. Antigenicity values were derived from the differences between the two data sets. The method was applied to bovine ribonuclease, the B-subunit of cholera toxin and herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D. There was a good correlation between the predicted regions and previously determined antigenic regions

The ionospheric source of magnetospheric plasma is not a black box input for global models

Including ionospheric outflow in global magnetohydrodynamic models of near‐Earth outer space has become an important step toward understanding the role of this plasma source in the magnetosphere. Of the existing approaches, however, few tie the outflowing particle fluxes to magnetospheric conditions in a self‐consistent manner. Doing so opens the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system to nonlinear mass‐energy feedback loops, profoundly changing the behavior of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. Based on these new results, it is time for the community eschew treating ionospheric outflow as a simple black box source of magnetospheric plasma.Key PointsIonospheric outflow plays a critical role in the magnetosphereThe magnetosphere affects outflowModelers must account for this two‐way relationshipPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133592/1/jgra52677_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133592/2/jgra52677.pd

Broad Absorption Line Variability in Radio-Loud Quasars

We investigate C IV broad absorption line (BAL) variability within a sample of 46 radio-loud quasars (RLQs), selected from SDSS/FIRST data to include both core-dominated (39) and lobe-dominated (7) objects. The sample consists primarily of high-ionization BAL quasars, and a substantial fraction have large BAL velocities or equivalent widths; their radio luminosities and radio-loudness values span ~2.5 orders of magnitude. We have obtained 34 new Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) spectra of 28 BAL RLQs to compare to earlier SDSS data, and we also incorporate archival coverage (primarily dual-epoch SDSS) for a total set of 78 pairs of equivalent width measurements for 46 BAL RLQs, probing rest-frame timescales of ~80-6000 d (median 500 d). In general, only modest changes in the depths of segments of absorption troughs are observed, akin to those seen in prior studies of BAL RQQs. Also similar to previous findings for RQQs, the RLQs studied here are more likely to display BAL variability on longer rest-frame timescales. However, typical values of |Delta_EW| and |Delta_EW|/ are about 40+/-20% lower for BAL RLQs when compared with those of a timescale-matched sample of BAL RQQs. Optical continuum variability is of similar amplitude in BAL RLQs and BAL RQQs; for both RLQs and RQQs, continuum variability tends to be stronger on longer timescales. BAL variability in RLQs does not obviously depend upon their radio luminosities or radio-loudness values, but we do find tentative evidence for greater fractional BAL variability within lobe-dominated RLQs. Enhanced BAL variability within more edge-on (lobe-dominated) RLQs supports some geometrical dependence to the outflow structure.Comment: 27 pages, 16 figures, 6 tables, accepted to MNRAS, full Appendix A at http://www.macalester.edu/~bmille13/balrlqs.htm