The Lexicon of Emoji?:Conventionality Modulates Processing of Emoji

Emoji have been ubiquitous in communication for over a decade, yet how they derive meaning remains underexplored. Here, we examine an aspect fundamental to linguistic meaning-making: the degree to which emoji have conventional lexicalized meanings and whether that conventionalization affects processing in real-time. Experiment 1 establishes a range of meaning agreement levels across emoji within a population; Experiment 2 measures accuracy and response times to word-emoji pairings in a match/mismatch task. In this experiment, we found that accuracy and response time both correlated significantly with the level of population-wide meaning agreement from Experiment 1, suggesting that lexical access of single emoji may be comparable to that of words, even out of context. This is consistent with theories of a multimodal lexicon that stores links between meaning, structure, and modality in long-term memory. Altogether, these findings suggest that emoji can allow a range of entrenched, lexicalized representations

Assessment of paravalvular regurgitation following TAVR : a proposal of unifying grading scheme.

Paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) is a frequent complication of transcatheter aortic valve replacement that has been shown to be associated with increased mortality. The objective of this article is to review the most up-to-date information about the assessment and management of PVR and to propose a new more comprehensive and unifying scheme for grading PVR severity. A multimodality, multiparametric, integrative approach including Doppler echocardiography, cineangiography, hemodynamic assessment, and/or cardiac magnetic resonance is essential to accurately assess the severity of PVR and the underlying etiology. Corrective procedures such as balloon post-dilation, valve-in-valve, or leak closure may be considered, depending on the severity, location, and etiology of PVR

901-110 Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Can Accurately Reconstruct Intravascular Thrombi: In Vitro Validation

High-frequency ultrasound can potentially display gross morphologic changes during thrombus formation and lysis. Current intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) devices, however, provide only 2-dimensional cross-sectional images with limited overall appreciation of thrombus size and 3-dimensional (3D) configuration. The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of 3D reconstruction of serial ultrasound images to provide a quantitative assessment of intravascular thrombi. We therefore imaged 11 arterial thrombi of varying shape and volume (10 to 116mm3). To avoid thrombus disruption, we used an epivascular approach (also suitable for transvenous imaging) with a 20MHz IVUS catheter withdrawn at 1mm/sec. A 3D voxel image intensity data set was reconstructed, and thrombus volume was semiautomatically extracted based on its intensity. Calculated volume was compared with directly measured values by volume displacement in a miniature cylinder.Results3D reconstruction provided previously unobtainable longitudinal and 3D views that improved spatial appreciation of thrombus size, shape and channel formation. Calculated thrombus volumes agreed well with actual volumes: y=0.92x+2.4, r=0.98, SEE=5mm3, mean error = 1±5mm3(ns vs 0).Conclusion3D reconstruction can improve spatial appreciation of the shape of thrombi and accurately measure their volumes. This approach, suitable for epivascular or transvenous imaging, could potentially be used to study thrombus formation and lysis in research and clinical studies

Determination of aortic valve area in valvular aortic stenosis by direct measurement using intracardiac echocardiography: A comparison with the gorlin and continuity equations

AbstractObjectives. This study sought to 1) show that intracardiac echocardiography can allow direct measurement of the aortic valve area, and 2) compare the directly measured aortic valve area from intracardiac echocardiography with the calculated aortic valve area from the Gorlin and continuity equations.Background. Intracardiac echocardiography has been used in the descriptive evaluation of the aortic valve; however, direct measurement of the aortic valve area using this technique in a clinical setting has not been documented. Despite their theoretical and practical limitations, the Gorlin and continuity equations remain the current standard methods for determining the aortic valve orifice area.Methods. Seventeen patients underwent intracardiac echocardiography for direct measurement of the aortic valve area, including four patients studied both before and after valvuloplasty, for a total of 21 studies. Immediately after intracardiac echocardiography, hemodynamic data were obtained from transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.Results. Adequate intracardiac echocardiographic images were obtained in 17 (81%) of 21 studies. The average aortic valve area (mean ± SD) determined by intracardiac echocardiography for the 13 studies in the Gorlin analysis group was 0.59 ± 0.18 cm2(range 0.37 to 1.01), and the average aortic valve area determined by the Gorlin equation was 0.62 ± 0.18 cm2(range 0.31 to 0.88). The average aortic valve area determined by intracardiac echocardiography for the 17 studies in the continuity analysis group was 0.66 ± 0.23 cm2(range 0.37 to 1.01), and that for the continuity equation was 0.62 ± 0.22 cm2(range 0.34 to 1.06). There was a significant correlation between the aortic valve area determined by intracardiac echocardiography and the aortic valve area calculated by the Gorlin (r = 0.78, p = 0.002) and continuity equations (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001).Conclusions. In the clinical setting, intracardiac echocardiography can directly measure the aortic valve area with an accuracy similar to the invasive and noninvasive methods currently used. This study demonstrates a new, quantitative use for intracardiac echocardiographic imaging with many potential clinical applications

TCT-625 Long term clinical data of the BIOSOLVE-I study with the paclitaxel-eluting absorbable magnesium scaffold (DREAMS) and multi-modality imaging analysis

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