102 research outputs found
Toward Practical Non-Contact Optical Strain Sensing Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Progress is reported in an emerging non-contact strain sensing technology based on optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). In this strain-sensing smart skin (“S4”) method, nanotubes are dilutely embedded in a thin polymer film applied to a substrate of interest. Subsequent strain in the substrate is transferred to the nanotubes, causing systematic spectral shifts in their characteristic short-wave infrared fluorescence peaks. A small diode laser excites a spot on the coated surface, and the resulting emission is captured and spectrally analyzed to deduce local strain. To advance performance of the method, we prepare S4 films with structurally selected SWCNTs. These give less congested emission spectra that can be analyzed precisely. However, quenching interactions with the polymer host reduce SWCNT emission intensity by an order of magnitude. The instrumentation that captures SWCNT fluorescence has been made lighter and smaller for hand-held use or mounting onto a positioning mechanism that makes efficient automated strain scans of laboratory test specimens. Statistical analysis of large S4 data sets exposes uncertainties in measurements at single positions plus spatial variations in deduced baseline strain levels. Future refinements to S4 film formulation and processing should provide improved strain sensing performance suitable for industrial application
Absorption spectroscopy of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes
Current methods for producing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) lead to
heterogeneous samples containing mixtures of metallic and semiconducting
species with a variety of lengths and defects. Optical detection at the single
nanotube level should thus offer the possibility to examine these
heterogeneities provided that both SWNT species are equally well detected.
Here, we used photothermal heterodyne detection to record absorption images and
spectra of individual SWNTs. Because this photothermal method relies only on
light absorption, it readily detects metallic nanotubes as well as the emissive
semiconducting species. The first and second optical transitions in individual
semicontucting nanotubes have been probed. Comparison between the emission and
absorption spectra of the lowest-lying optical transition reveal mainly small
Stokes shifts. Side bands in the near-infrared absorption spectra are observed
and assigned to exciton-phonon bound states. No such sidebands are detected
around the lowest transition of metallic nanotubes
Structure-Dependent Fluorescence Efficiencies of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Single-nanotube photometry was used to measure the product of absorption
cross-section and fluorescence quantum yield for 12 (n,m) structural species of
semiconducting SWNTs in aqueous SDBS suspension. These products ranged from 1.7
to 4.5 x 10(-19) cm2/C atom, generally increasing with optical band gap as
described by the energy gap law. The findings suggest fluorescent quantum
yields of ~8% for the brightest, (10,2) species and introduce the empirical
calibration factors needed to deduce quantitative (n,m) distributions from bulk
fluorimetric intensities
Stepwise Quenching of Exciton Fluorescence in Carbon Nanotubes by Single Molecule Reactions
Single-molecule chemical reactions with individual single-walled carbon
nanotubes were observed through near-infrared photoluminescence microscopy. The
emission intensity within distinct submicrometer segments of single nanotubes
changes in discrete steps after exposure to acid, base, or diazonium reactants.
The steps are uncorrelated in space and time, and reflect the quenching of
mobile excitons at localized sites of reversible or irreversible chemical
attack. Analysis of step amplitudes reveals an exciton diffusional range of
about 90 nanometers, independent of nanotube structure. Each exciton visits
approximately 104 atomic sites during its lifetime, providing highly efficient
sensing of local chemical and physical perturbations
Comparative effectiveness of less commonly used systemic monotherapies and common combination therapies for moderate to severe psoriasis in the clinical setting.
BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of psoriasis therapies in real-world settings remains relatively unknown.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the effectiveness of less commonly used systemic therapies and commonly used combination therapies for psoriasis.
METHODS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study of 203 patients with plaque psoriasis receiving less common systemic monotherapy (acitretin, cyclosporine, or infliximab) or common combination therapies (adalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab and methotrexate) compared with 168 patients receiving methotrexate evaluated at 1 of 10 US outpatient dermatology sites participating in the Dermatology Clinical Effectiveness Research Network.
RESULTS: In adjusted analyses, patients on acitretin (relative response rate 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-3.41), infliximab (relative response rate 1.93; 95% CI 1.26-2.98), adalimumab and methotrexate (relative response rate 3.04; 95% CI 2.12-4.36), etanercept and methotrexate (relative response rate 2.22; 95% CI 1.25-3.94), and infliximab and methotrexate (relative response rate 1.72; 95% CI 1.10-2.70) were more likely to have clear or almost clear skin compared with patients on methotrexate. There were no differences among treatments when response rate was defined by health-related quality of life.
LIMITATIONS: Single time point assessment may result in overestimation of effectiveness.
CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of therapies in clinical trials may overestimate their effectiveness as used in clinical practice. Although physician-reported relative response rates were different among therapies, absolute differences were small and did not correspond to differences in patient-reported outcomes
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