Photocatalytic Dehydroformylation of Benzyl Alcohols to Arenes

In the last decades, many C−C bond-forming reactions have been developed, whereas less attention has been paid to the design of strategies involving C−C bond cleavage. We report a photocatalytic dehydroformylation sequence for the conversion of benzyl alcohols to arenes in a one-pot two-step process. Herein, the initial dehydrogenation of the benzyl alcohols to the corresponding benzaldehydes is combined with an additional decarbonylation step yielding arenes. As a result, a broad range of benzyl alcohols can be easily transformed in short times under mild photocatalytic conditions. The conducted mechanistic studies indicate that our cooperative hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-cobalt system proceeds through the formation of α-alkoxy- and acyl radicals as key intermediates, involving concomitant syngas (CO+H2) generation

Policy with respect to aliens, and migration research, in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1973 - 1983

In this paper, policies in the Federal Republic of Germany with regard to the recruitment of labour are considered. Though this recruitment discontinued in 1973, the immigration of family members has been allowed to continue ever since. Thus a large group of migrant workers and their families now live in the Federal Republic. As migrant workers they occupy a low rank in the social hierarchy of the German population. In the first part of this paper, the development is briefly sketched of official government policy concerning aliens at the federal and Lander (state) levels since 1973, with reference to the guidelines of the Christian Democratic Union-Christian Social Union, the Free Democratic Party, and the Social Democratic Party. Then a short description is given of the current research on migrant workers in the FRG: what the expectations of politicians and administrators are with respect to such research; the main problem areas on which the research focuses; how experts view the demand for and the current state of the research; and, finally, in which areas the most important formulations of theory have been made in migration research.

Migration and Statistics

The field of empirical migration and integration research is characterised by a wide range of research questions, theoretical approaches and data sets. Research based on official statistics has to deal with different data sets on migration and foreign population resulting in different numbers. Developments in official statistics concentrate on the improvement of data quality. The census 2010/2011 or the projected central population register are important issues, e.g. in respect of sampling and weighting of migrants in surveys. The concept of migration background in the microcensus is a mayor enhancement in population statistics and has become widely accepted. It is recommended to implement questions on migration background in the census 2010/2011 too. The most important accessible data sets in the field of empirical integration research are the microcensus and the German Socio-Economic Panel; there is still untapped potential for analysis in this area. The supplementation of large surveys with a migrant sample is an appreciated trend. Most important challenges for empirical migration and integration research are the development of sampling methods for migrant population (including onomastics and topomastics), studies on new and small migrant groups, research projects in the country of origin, longitudinal migrant surveys and the development of measurement instruments